13.7 million ties, 5.3% were cedar at an average price of 38 cents each. 

 Of the 585,000 poles, over 90% were cedar (chiefly eastern), at an average 

 price of $1.60 for eastern and $3.00 for western cedar. 



In the United States in 1910 the cedars supplied: 



of the total lumber cut, 1%, average mill price $15.53; 



of the total shingle cut, 78% or over 10 billion; 



of the total tie cut, over 5% or over 7 million; 



of the total pole cut (approx.), 63% or 2.4 million. 



The cedars are very subject to a heart rot, causing hollow butts and a 

 consequent great waste in sawing. The fungus responsible for this has 

 not yet been identified. 



THUJA OCCIDENTALS, L. 

 Aborvitae. White Cedar. Cedar. 



Size. Average 25 to 50 ft. by 1 to 2 ft. Maximum 50 to 60 ft. 

 by 2 ft. 



Growth. Slow but persistent. Studies of 35 trees in Michigan 

 and of 44 trees in Minnesota showed growths of 5 inches in 62 and 87 

 years, and 10 inches in 154 and 167 years respectively. In contrast, 

 30 trees in Ontario showed growths of 13 inches in 115 years, and 18 

 inches in 185 years. Life is 250 to 300 years. 



Root System. Heart form. 







Bole. Rapidly tapering; swell butted. 



Crown. Non-spreading. 



Tolerance. Very tolerant. 



Wood. Soft, weak, brittle, very durable; 19 pounds. 



Reproduction. Prolific seeder with frequent seed years. Flowers 



in May and June ; cones mature in August and soon shed seed. Seed and 



wing are small; germination percent high; vitality transient. Organic 

 seed bed preferred. Seedlings stand dense shade. 



Range. Northeastern United States and Canada nearly to James 

 Bay. Low altitudes. Optimum, southern Canada and the lake states. 



Soil. Frequents swampy places or dry ridges; probably physiolo- 

 gically dry. 



Association. Gregarious to grouped with spruces, larch, balsam, 

 etc. 



General. Commercial importance is great for poles, posts, ties, 

 shingles, etc. 



29 



