General. Commercially they are much inferior to the gymno- 

 sperms, though individually in small quantities for special uses they are 

 more expensive. In Canada in 1912 they supplied 309 million feet or 

 7% of the total cut, the prices ranging from $12.89 for willow to $32.04 

 for hickory. Ontario leads in the production of all hardwoods except 

 birch (Quebec) and poplar (B.C.) ; therefore Ontario and Quebec together 

 supply the great bulk of Canadian hardwoods. In the U.S. the hard- 

 woods are estimated as comprising 500 billion feet or 20% of the total 

 stumpage. In 1910 they furnished 22% of the total cut. 



JUGLANS CINEREA, L. 



Butternut. 



Size. Up to 60 or 70 ft. by 3 ft. 



Growth. Rate rapid, exceeding that of walnut. Persistence of 

 growth medium. 



Root System. Tap. 



Bole. Short; medium taper. 



Crown. Spreading. 



Tolerance. Tolerant in youth; intolerant in later life. 



Wood. Light, soft, not strong, easily split and worked; 25 pounds. 



Reproduction. Only moderately prolific, bearing about every 

 second year. Flowers in April and May; nuts ripen in September. 

 Germination percent 65 to 75 ; vitality six months to a year. 



Range. Eastern United States, extending up the St. Lawrence 

 valley in Canada to southern New Brunswick. Optimum in the Ohio 

 River basin. 



Soil. Inhabits rich soils generally, but is less fastidious than walnut. 



Association. Solitary; associates with beech, yellow birch, 

 maples, elm, and red spruce. (Hough.) 



General. Commercial importance is small in Canada; valuable 

 but the supply is negligible. 



JUGLANS NIGRA, L. 

 Black Walnut. 



Size. Average 70 to 90 ft. by 2>^ to 4 ft. Maximum, 110 ft. by 5 

 to 6 ft. 



Growth. Rapid and long sustained. 



Root System. Tap. 



Bole. Medium taper. 



Crown. Spreading. 



Tolerance. Intolerant; fairly tolerant in early life. 



Wood. Heavy, hard, strong, durable; 38 pounds. 



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