General. Of medium commercial importance. On account of its 

 extreme intolerance the clean cutting system must be used. The object 

 should be to utilize the present stand to the best advantage, and at the 

 same time to have the forest in the best possible silvicultural condition. 



BETULA LUTEA, Michx. f. 

 Yellow Birch. 



Size. Average 50 to 80 ft. by 2 ft. Maximum 100 to 150 ft. by 

 4ft. 



Growth. Medium rate and moderately persistent. 



Root System. Heart. 



Bole. Medium length and taper. 



Crown. Medium spread. 



Tolerance. Medium; most tolerant of birches. 



Wood. Hard, strong, tough, not durable; 41 pounds. 



Reproduction. Prolific seeder with annual seed years. Flowers 

 in May and June. Seeds light and winged ; germination percent medium ; 

 vitality transient. 



Range. Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Massachusetts, 

 Pennsylvania, North Carolina and Wisconsin. Optimum, eastern 

 provinces of Canada and in northern New York and New England. 

 Low to medium altitude. 



Climate. Medium to severe. 



Soil. Good to medium. Mesophytic. Likes a moist soil, but it 

 may be thin as on the high mountain slopes in the south. 



Association. Grouped. 



General. Chief of Canadian hardwoods commercially. 



FAGUS ATROPUNICEA, Sudw. FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA, Ehr. 



FAGUS AMERICANA, Sweet. FAGUS FERRUGINEA, Ait. 



Beech. 



Size. Usually 70 to 80 ft. by 1| to 4 ft. Exceptionally 120 feet in 

 height. 



Growth. Slow, but long sustained. 



Root System. Heart. 



Bole. Medium length and taper. 



Crown. Spreading. 



Tolerance. Great. 



Wood. Heavy, hard, strong, not durable; 42 pounds. 



40 



