Reproduction. Seed years frequent, and production prolific. 

 Flowers in May and June, and acorns fall in September and October of 

 the same year. Germination percent 65 to 75 ; vitality six months to a 

 year. 



Range. Manitoba to Texas, and east to the Atlantic coast. 

 Optimum, basin of the Mississippi River. 



Soil. Inhabits rich bottom lands usually in heavy soils, but is 

 quite adaptable. 



Association. Solitary or grouped in association with white oak, 

 basswood, cottonwood, black walnut and the hickories. 



General. Of very small importance in Canada, because it is nearly 

 exhausted. It is the only oak in Manitoba. 



QUERCUS RUBRA, L. 

 Red Oak. 



Size. Average 70 to 90 ft. by 2 to 4 ft. Maximum 150 ft. by 5 ft. 



Growth. Most rapid of all oaks. Medium persistence. Rate 

 falls off after 50 years. 358 trees in North Carolina (slope) grew 10 

 inches in 73 years, 18 inches in 116 years, and 28 inches in 205 years. 



Root System. Tap. 



Bole. -Medium taper. 



Crown. Spreading. 



Tolerance. Intolerant, except in early youth. 



Wood. Heavy, hard, strong, coarse grained, moderately durable. 



Reproduction. Seed production abundant and frequent after the 

 30th year. Flowers in May and June; acorns ripen and fall in October 

 and November of the second summer. One bushel of seed acorns weighs 

 48 pounds and contains about 80,000. Germination percent 60 to 70; 

 retains vitality for six months. On account of its strong tap root it 

 establishes itself readily on humus soils. 



Range. Nova Scotia west to Lake Superior, south to eastern 

 Kansas and northern Georgia. Optimum, Ohio basin and north. 



Soil. Porous sandy to gravelly clays. Mesophytic. 



Association. Solitary or in groups with other oaks, basswood, elms, 

 chestnuts and hickories. 



General. Of small importance in Canada because the supply is 

 nearly exhausted. 



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