QUERCUS VELUTINA, Lam. 

 Black Oak. 



Size. 70 to 80 ft. by 2 to 4 ft. Occasionally 150 feet in height. 



Growth. Rapid and vigorous in youth but the rate soon diminishes. 

 Tree studies in Kentucky and Tennessee showed a growth of 5 inches in 

 24 to 38 years, 10 inches in 44 to 84 years, and 15 inches in 114 to 124 

 years. 



Root System. Superficial. 



Bole. Medium taper. 



Crown. Wide spreading, rounded. 



Tolerance. Intolerant. 



Wood. Heavy, hard, strong, not tough. 



Reproduction. Only moderately prolific. Flowers appear early 

 in May, and the fruit, a small acorn, matures in the second year. Ger- 

 mination percent low; vitality low and will keep over winter only with 

 great care. 



Range. Maine to western Ontario, south to Florida and Texas. 



Soil. Dry, well drained soils. Inhabits poorer soils than red oak, 

 Mesophytic to xerophytic. 



Association. Grouped with other hardwoods. 



General. Of little importance as it is nearly exhausted in Canada. 



ULMUS, The Elms. 



Size. Several are large trees. 



Tolerance. Tolerant. 



Wood. Fairly heavy, hard, strong and elastic. 



Reproduction. Flowers in spring before the leaves; the light- 

 winged fruit ripens in the spring or early summer and germinates that 

 season. Germination percent medium and vitality rather transient. 



Range. Middle and South Temperate Zone; optimum in Ohio 

 valley. All are trees of low elevations. 



Soil. From swamps to arid soils, but the timber trees inhabit rich, 

 moist soils, especially along streams. 



Association. Singly or in groups in mixture. 



General. There are three species in Canada of which the American 

 elm is the most abundant and furnishes the bulk of the lumber. The 

 total supply is somewhat small. In 1912 elm ranked 13th and supplied 

 0.7% of the total cut; it was 4th and supplied 11% of the total hard- 

 wood cut at an average mill price of $20.44. For slack cooperage elm 

 headed the list. 



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