species which are important commercially. The Canadian cut for 1912 

 was over 15 million feet board measure, which is 1.7% of the total white 

 pine cut. Average mill value was $13.54 per thousand feet board 

 measure. 



PINUS RESINOSA, Ait. 

 Red Pine. Norway Pine. 



Size. 70 to 80 ft. by 2 to 3 ft. 



Growth. Rapid in youth. In general intermediate between 

 white pine and jack pine. Growth slow after 100 years. 190 trees, 

 open and dominant stand, in Minnesota grew 10 inches in 40 years and 

 15 inches in 80 years. 228 trees in a crowded stand grew 10 inches in 

 70 years and 15 inches in 140 years. 



Root System. Heart with laterals. 



Crown. Broad irregular pyramid, open at maturity. 



Tolerance. Very intolerant throughout. 



Wood. Harder and stronger than white pine; not durable; 32 

 pounds. 



Reproduction. Seed years every 3 or 4 years after the 25th ; not 

 prolific. Flowers in May and June; cones mature in the fall of the next 

 season and shed the seed. Germination percent is high. Prefers 

 mineral seed bed. Seedlings stand little shade; hardy. 



Range. Maritime provinces, southern Quebec and Ontario to the 

 Valley of the Winnipeg River; lake states to Massachusetts, and the 

 mountains of Pennsylvania. 



Climate. Average annual precipitation 25 to 45 inches. Tem- 

 perature ranges from 110 to -59 Fahr. 



Soil. Light sandy loam and rocky ridges. Grows in more xero- 

 phytic situations than white pine. 



Association. Small groves usually mixed with other pines or 

 deciduous leaved trees, never forming large pure stands. 



General. Ranked sixth in Canadian lumber cut of 1912, with 142 

 million feet board measure, or 3.2% of the total. Average mill value was 

 $18.16. In U.S. returns it is lumped with white pine. The U.S. Forest 

 Service recommends as silvicultural treatment a shelter- wood system 

 with rotations of 60 to 150 years for ties to saw-timber. From findings 

 at Frank's Bay, Lake Nipissing, the latter figure is too high from a 

 financial viewpoint, because growth is very slow after the 75th to 100th 

 year. 



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