Association. Occurs singly mixed with other hardwoods. 



General. Small supply, but the wood is highly useful for interior 

 woodwork, cabinet work, etc. In Canada in 1912 it ranked 12th with 

 1.2% of the total lumber cut at an average mill price of $17.71. 



FRAXINUS, The Ashes. 



Size. All except one are trees, and some are large. 



Growth. Moderately rapid and fairly persistent. 



Bole. Generally straight and evenly tapered. 



Crown. Generally narrow and thinly foliaged. 



Tolerance . I n tolerant . 



Wood. Straight grained, hard, strong and elastic. 



Reproduction. Moderately prolific. Flowers in the spring, gen- 

 erally before the leaves; fruit ripens in the early autumn but often re- 

 mains on the tree for several weeks afterwards, and germinates in the 

 spring. Seed is winged; germination percent low; vitality transient. 



Range. -South and middle of Temperate Zone; optimum in Ohio basin. 



Soil. From wet, boggy swamps to poor, dry uplands. Most of the 

 timber ashes inhabit rather rich, moist soil. 



Association. Singly or in groups with other hardwoods. 



General. There are nearly 40 species known of which 16 are in the 

 United States (one a shrub in the Pacific region) ; and about 7 species in 

 Canada. Commercially the ashes are valuable both for timber and 

 planting. In Canada only the white and black are cut in quantities, the 

 former being the more important. The supply is very small. In 1912 

 they ranked sixth among the hardwoods, forming over 4% of the total 

 hardwood cut, at an average mill price of $20.68 per thousand. 



FRAXINUS NIGRA, Marsh. 

 Black Ash. Swamp Ash. Water Ash. 



Size. Average 60 to 80 ft. by 1 to 1J ft. Maximum 90 ft. by 2 ft. 

 Growth. Slow grower; short-lived. 

 Root System. Tap. 

 Bole. Cylindrical and of medium length. 

 Crown. Non-spreading. 

 Tolerance. Intolerant. 



Wood. Dark brown with thin light sapwood; straight grained, 

 coarse texture, strong and moderately hard ; 33 pounds. 



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