Reproduction. Not prolific; seed years usually at intervals of three 

 to five years; flowers from April to June and ripens in October. One- 

 winged fruit dispersed by the wind; germination percent low; vitality 

 medium. 



Range. Northern limit, from Newfoundland through Canada to 

 Manitoba. Southern limit, Virginia, southern Illinois, Missouri and 

 Arkansas. 



Soil. Swamps and river courses. Hydrophytic. 

 Association. Occurs singly or in groups mixed with other swamp 

 species. 



General. Very small use in Canada. Supply restricted and wood 

 not of high quality. 



FRAXINUS AMERICANA, L. 

 White Asl -.. 



Size. Average 70 to 80 ft. by 3 ft. Maximum 100 ft. by 4 ft. 



Growth. More rapid grower than other hardwoods but not per- 

 sistent. 



Root System. Heart and tracing. 



Bole. Often free from branches for one-half its length. 



Crown. Spreading. 



Tolerance. Intolerant except in youth. 



Wood. Brownish color; thick, lighter colored sapwood; straight 

 grained, hard, very strong, tough and elastic except in old timber; 

 39 pounds. 



Reproduction. Not prolific; seed years every three to five years; 

 flowers in April and May and ripens in October. The winged seed is 

 dispersed by the wind for short distances. Requires considerable mois- 

 ture for germination. 



Range. Nova Scotia through southern Ontario to Minnesota and 

 southward to Florida, Kansas and Texas. 



Climate. Adapted to a wide range of temperature and precipitation 

 but in the southern part of its range with plenty of moisture, post timber 

 may be grown in from 10 to 15 years. 



Soil. Inhabits bottom lands of river valleys and upland ravines, 

 Mesophytic. 



Association. Occurs singly mixed with other hardwoods. 



General. It is the best of the ashes and has high economic value 

 on account of its strength, elasticity and fair durability. 



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