No. 4.] FRUIT GROWING. 153 



number of specimens to drop from the trees, thus thinning 

 the fruit, — an operation which the careful cultivator would 

 do by hand. I think, however, that in most cases where a 

 person employs the curculio to do his thinning, he will find 

 himself but poorly served, as frequently a good appetite and 

 a lack of judgment on the part of the employee will result in 

 the removal of the last specimen. 



The codling moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella) has been one 

 of the greatest pests of the fruit grower for many years. 

 This is the insect that produces most of the wormy apples 

 and pears. In years of scarcity it is difficult to find speci- 

 mens free from its depredations, and it is only when the crops 

 are large that the limited number of worms find more apples 

 than they can conquer. This insect in the pupa state hiber- 

 nates during the winter in cracks, in the rough bark of trees, 

 in fruit rooms and wherever apples are stored, and comes 

 forth as a perfect insect about the time that the trees are in 

 bloom. The female lays her eggs for the most part singly 

 within the calyx of each apple or pear. The worm hatched 

 from this egg feeds upon the surface for a short time, and 

 then makes its way into the substance of the fruit towards 

 the core. After arriving at maturity it emerges from an 

 opening previously made, generally at the side, thus leaving 

 a hole that detracts from the value about one-half. There 

 are two broods of this insect in a season, the first one caus- 

 ing the fruit to drop from the trees early, while the second 

 is responsible for the wormy winter apples. From this cir- 

 cumstance we may see the importance of suppressing the first 

 brood, that the injury caused by the second may be pre- 

 vented as much as possible. Aside from arsenical spraying, 

 many of the pupre may be trapped by bands of cloth or paper 

 wound about the trunk of the tree, from which they may be 

 gathered at stated times and crushed. The presence of 

 hogs or sheep in an orchard will give the quietus to many, 

 though as a rule I think the worms leave the fruit before it 

 drops from the tree. 



The canker worms (Anisopteryx vernata and pometaria) 

 were formerly very serious pests, but at the present 

 day the remedies at our command and in use for 

 other insects leave no excuse whatever for their continued 

 presence, and I will therefore pass them over. 



