No. 4.] FRUIT GROWING. 155 



twig, the whole is readily removed. Otherwise it is not 

 easy to dispose of them without considerable trouble. 



An insect known as the apple maggot, or railroad worm, 

 (Trypeta pomonella) , from the track which it makes in the 

 apple, is the cause of much loss to the grower, more espe- 

 cially in early fruit, though it is occasionally found in winter 

 varieties. The insect deposits her eggs during the month of 

 July, choosing for the most part the thin-skinned varieties. 

 On arriving at its growth it leaves the fruit, which remains 

 on the tree, and burrows into the ground to enter the pupal 

 state, where it remains until the next summer. From its 

 habits it is evident that the opportunities which it offers 

 for attack are not encouraging. We are not aware of its 

 mischief until it has put itself out of harm's way. 



'In some localities the pear trees have been subject to, a 

 very destructive enemy in the shape of a kind of aphis, 

 which, from its habit of apparently jumping when disturbed, 

 is called the pear-tree psylla (Psylla pyrl), or jumping 

 louse. Its habits have not been thoroughly studied. It 

 is the cause of what is known as honey-dew, and is accom- 

 panied with a form of leaf-blight. Growth ceases, the leaves 

 become spotted and fall from the trees, and the wood, cov- . 

 ered with the sweet, thick liquid, attracts thousands of bees, 

 wasps, flies, etc. The wood gradually grows very dark- 

 colored, nearly black, which color remains until the insects 

 cease their depredations. The fruit upon the trees, for want 

 of healthy foliage, is small and poor, and unless relief comes 

 the destruction of the trees is to be anticipated. According 

 to some authors, the eggs are laid in the autumn upon the 

 ends of the twigs. If this is correct, the eggs may probabty 

 be destroyed by spraying the trees with a strong kerosene 

 emulsion. In my own experience, however, during the past 

 season, the mature insect suddenly appeared about the 8th 

 of June in considerable numbers, and honey-dew was first 

 seen a few days afterward. I sprayed with the emulsion 

 June 10 to 12, and again from July 17 to 22. Soon after 

 the second spraying I observed that the secretion of honey- 

 dew was largely suspended, and later that the foliage seemed 

 to take on a more healthy action. Eggs and larvae were 

 found in considerable numbers upon the leaves, but they 



