No. 4.] COUNTRY ROADS— APPENDIX. 



275 



both turned in, would hold them in place, if thoroughly 

 packed in gravel, after the wrought iron bolts are rusted 

 out. 



For many culverts, inlets and outlets, flattened and divi- 

 ded to fit the slopes of the road, would be smoother and 

 more comely, requiring less to be hidden by garden or wild 

 shrubs. 



The smaller sizes of these pipes would be much used in 

 parks, cemeteries, private grounds and wherever it is under- 

 stood that surface water causes more than half the expense 

 of road repairs. Pipe-makers will do better to study the 

 predicament our common roads are in, rather than these 

 hasty sketches. The old iron lying unused about the country 

 would furnish all the stock a founder would need to begin 

 with. 



We fail to realize how destitute the country is of special 

 hand implements for road making. For their needs our 

 sires were better provided with tools a hundred years ago. 

 In the craze of railway building and wholesale machinery we 

 have forgotten hand tools. Only a few years ago profes- 

 sional men — clergymen — were asking, "What has agri- 

 culture to do with road making ? " The amateur road maker, 

 in these days has to begin with his naked hands. The 

 " amateur," by the way, is a person who does things for the 

 love of doing them. The greatest names in history apply to 

 those who did first what made them famous for the love of 

 it. The professional is a hireling. 



Mechanics who can design and make special road tools 

 have gone from the country. Great machine shops refuse to 



