CONTENTS 



PAGE 



INTRODUCTION 

 CHAPTER 



I. LIVING AND LIFELESS MATTER ..... . ......... 6 



1. The Chemical Composition ............ 7 



2. Metabolism or the Power of Waste and Repair. ... 9 



3. Growth by Intussusception ............ 12 



4. Reproduction ..... ............. 13 



5. Power of Adaptation. ...... ........ 15 



II. PROTOPLASM AND THE CELL, AND ORGANISMS OF ONE CELL. . 26 



A. The Organization and Vitality of Yeast Cells .... 27 



B. Bacteria ..................... 39 



III. ORGANISMS OF ONE CELL, Continued ............ 43 



A. Amoeba proteus ................. 43 



B. Flagellated Protozoa, Chilomonas and Allied Forms . 52 



C. A Ciliated Protozoon, Paramecium caudatum .... 58 



D. Biological Problems associated with Protozoa .... 64 



IV. ORGANISMS OF TISSUES .................. 74 



A. Hydra fusca and Hydra viridis ........... 80 



Histology ......... . , . -,.. ...... 81 



Physiology ............. ...... 88 



Symbiosis ................... 94 



Polymorphism .......... . ...... 96 



B. Summary .................... 98 



V. PLANTS, THE FOOD OF ANIMALS AND THE SOURCES OF ANIMAL 



ENERGY .......... ... ...... 101 



A. The Food of Animals ......... ...... 101 



B. Pleurococcus pluviatilis and Sphaerella lacustris ... 103 



C. Pteris acquilina ......... ........ 108 



Histology ................... no 



General physiology ....... . . ...... 116 



Reproduction ......... ........ 119 



VI. ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS ............... 127 



I. General ..................... 127 



II. Structures and Functions of the Earthworm, Lumbri- 



cus sp ...................... 128 



A. Habits and Mode of Life ........... 128 



B. Regional Differentiation ........... 13 



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