294 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 332 



group in general appearance more than it does the typical scurfy 

 scale. It is rigid in texture, highly convex and covered with a dark 

 deposit which gives it a very somber, inconspicuous appearance; 

 thus contrasting sharply with the white or gray color of the 

 majority of the scurfy scales. The female scale is a little over one- 

 sixteenth of an inch in length and strongly pyriform. The 'male 

 scale is white, and much smaller than the female. (See Plate LI, 

 Fig. 1.) 



Life history and habits. The winter is passed in the egg stage 

 securely protected by the rigid scale of the mother insect. From 

 these over-wintering eggs young emerge in late May or in June and 

 two broods at least develop during the summer. 



Nature of work. Trunk, branches and leaves of the host are 

 attacked, frequently with fatal results to parts of or even the entire 

 host. Plate LI, Fig. 2, conveys a very good impression of the 

 destructive work of this species. 



Food plants. The euonymus scurfy scale has been reported 

 as attacking the following food plants: Euonymus europaeus, E. 

 latifolia, E. japonica, E. radicans and E. atropureus, as well as 

 some of the horticultural varieties of these species. It has also 

 been reported from bitter-sweet (Celastrus scandens), Althea sp. 

 and orange. 



Distribution. The writer has but three records of this insect 

 in Ohio; Cincinnati, Wooster and Cleveland. At Wooster a climb- 

 ing* evergreen euonymus (E. radicans var., broad leaf) was killed 

 by it and a clump of E. europaens very severely injured in Cleve- 

 land. The records of its distribution outside the state are as fol- 

 lows: Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 

 Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and California. 

 Further, it is reported from Cuba, France, Italy and Japan. 



Natural enemies. One small hymenopterous parasite, Apheli- 

 mus fuscipennis, has been reared from this scale. 



Control. The standard liquid lime-sulphur wash, used at nor- 

 mal strength as a winter spray has failed in the experience of the 

 writer to control this species. Miscible oil, however, applied in early 

 April at the strength of 1 part of oil to 15 parts of water gave almost 

 perfect results. Summer spraying with kerosene emulsion or 

 whale-oil soap may be resorted to at the time the young appear, 

 but as in the treatment of other scale insects this rarely is as sat- 

 isfactory as the winter applications. 



