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are retained or often established as a protective cover are known as 

 protection forests. Protection forests aim to prevent calamities 

 like destructive floods, excessive erosion, sand shifts, and snow shifts. 

 Forests managed primarily to enhance the beauty of the forests and 

 to furnish recreation grounds for the public may be known as park 

 forests. Park forests should always be accessible to the public. 

 Such outing grounds will not only be a means of preventing many 

 of our diseases but also help to restore to health those who are 

 already afflicted. Forests managed by the owner primarily to en- 

 joy sport are known as luxury forests. 



Forestry aims to have man improve upon nature's ways of doing 

 things. Nature grew forests upon areas regardless of the fitness 

 of these areas to other more profitable pursuits. Both the thin, rel- 

 atively sterile soils of the mountains and the deep, fertile soils of the 

 valleys were covered with forests. The latter are far more valuable 

 for the production of food material than for the production of wood 

 material. Forestry aims to develop forests on forest soil. It does 

 not attempt to encroach on agricultural soil but aims first to classify 

 the land into ploughland and woodland; and then to treat the 

 woodland areas so that they will yield the largest quantity of high 

 class wood material in the shortest time at the least expense of time 

 and money and to give to mankind as many other natural blessings 

 as possible. The economic point of view should always be kept 

 paramount. The forester's forest should supply more fully the pres- 

 ent and prospective human wants than they can be supplied by de- 

 pending upon nature's uncertain and unregulated performances. 



FORESTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA. 



Forestry had an early beginning in Pennsylvania. As early as 

 1681 William Penn in his Charter of Eights stated that "In clearing 

 the ground care should be taken to leave one acre of trees for every 

 five acres cleared; especially to preserve the oak and mulberries for 

 silk and shipping." From this time on at irregular intervals acts 

 were passed by the legislature protecting the woodlands from theft 

 and firing; but no real, constructive work in forestry was done until 

 the latter part of the 19th century. 



In 1855 F. Andre Michaux left a legacy of $14,000 to the American 

 Philosophical Society in Philadelphia which became available in 

 1870 for forestry instruction. In 1877 Dr. J. T. Kothrock, Professor 

 of Botany at the University of Pennsylvania, was appointed Michaux 

 lecturer on Forestry, in which capacity he served until 1891. At 

 this time it was difficult to interest the public in forestry and, as a 

 consequence, at first, the lectures delivered by Dr. Eothrock were 



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