the main tract, is an almost unbroken tract 

 in parts of Otsego, Crawford, Kalkaska and 

 Antrim counties, on the headwaters of the 

 Manistee, Jordan and Au Sable rivers, of 

 Michigan. 



The map accompanying this report applies 

 to an area of 128,000 acres, which includes, 

 besides the David Ward Estate, a number of 

 other holdings that adjoin the estate or lie 

 within its boundaries. Of the total area, 35 

 per cent is in slashings, 57 per cent is in 

 virgin timberlands, and 8 per cent is in cleared 

 or partially cleared farms. A little more 

 than half of this total area is owned by the 

 David Ward Estate, of which 70 per cent 

 bears a mixed stand of hardwoods and hem- 

 lock, 16 per cent is in slashings, 13 per cent 

 bears a white pine forest, and 1 per cent is 

 in farms. 



Before lumbering operations began, about 

 20,000 acres were covered with a magnificent 

 stand of white pine, and many of the trees 

 were five feet in diameter and from 170 to 

 185 feet in height. The forest also contained 

 excellent stands of red pine, hemlock, maple, 

 elm, birch, basswood, beech, cedar, tamarack 

 and black cherry. 



Lumbering Operations. 



In lumbering, the pines were removed first. 

 During subsequent operations, cedar, hemlock 

 and hardwoods have also been removed from 

 various noncontiguous areas, and in varying 



