forests to the people of the State, we are confronted with 

 impressive figures. There are approximately seventy-five bil- 

 lion feet of merchantable timber standing in the woods. This 

 has a stumpage value of at least $4.00 per thousand. The 

 wages paid out in logging and manufacturing amount to at 

 least $8.00 per thousand; and for transportation, an average 

 cost of $1.00 a thousand may be added. This means, then, 

 that the mature timber now standing has a value to the peo- 

 ple of Minnesota equivalent to $975,000,000. This does not 

 take into consideration the value of the forests as a field 

 from which successive crops of timber are produced, nor its 

 importance in maintaining conditions favorable to the exist- 

 ence of big game and game fishes, which attract thousands 

 of people from outside the State and bring a large revenue 

 to our citizens. Then, too, we must not forget the important 

 influence of the forest in its effect upon the climate, and in 

 regulating stream flow, for Minnesota is rich in streams, 

 used for navigation and water power, with enormous possi- 

 bilities for future development." 



"The Great North Woods" is over three hundred miles 

 wide along the northern boundary, and extends 364 miles 

 north and south. The southern portion of this forest region, 

 containing mostly broad-leaved species, or hardwoods, is 

 known as the "Big Woods." This type of forests grows upon 

 heavy clay soils, and is rapidly being cleared for agriculture. 



Immediately north of the Big Woods lies the so-called 

 "pineries," consisting of nearly pure stands of white pine, 

 Norway, or red pine, and jack pine. In general, the pine 

 forests cover the sandy and gravelly portions of the State, 

 although white pine is often found upon clay soil. Norway 

 and jack pine do well upon the very poorest sandy land. 



"North of the true pineries is a vast region containing 

 rich forests of spruce, cedar and tamarack, and enormous 

 quantities of the finest birch and poplar. There is also much 

 pine, especially in the high, rocky country north of Lake 

 Superior and east of the Little Fork River. The country 

 from the Little Fork and Rat Root rivers westward to the 

 Red River valley, and embracing an area of five million 

 acres, is a densely forested district. Spruce, tamarack and 



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