and present, but had hopes for the 

 future. He said that the word re- 

 connaissance really meant "standing 

 on a high hill, and taking in as 

 much as you could see in all direc- 

 tions," and that that was albout all 

 that was done in the early days of 

 Forestry Reconnaissance. At the 

 present time, reconnaissance means 

 a great deal more than formerly; 

 and Hamilton says that in the future 

 it is going to mean a whole lot more 

 than now. He gave a long list of 

 things an ideal reconnaissance sur- 

 vey should show, and stated that to 

 make a really good reconnaissance 

 survey and report, a man would have 

 to be a topographer, a farmer, a soil 

 geologist, an irrigation engineer, a 

 hydraulic engineer, a business man, 

 a grazing expert, a logging engineer, 

 and a lumberman, as well as a For- 

 ester. Hamilton says he has seen 

 enough of reconnaissance to feel 

 sure of his statement. 



In conclusion, he talked on "out- 

 fits," and answered all questions per- 

 taining to that subject. 



Following this talk, Valiton told 

 us of "The Importance of Grazing 1 to 

 the Forester." 



"In the years around 1862 to '7'2, 

 the cattle business in the West had 

 reached as far north on the plains as 

 the Yellowstone River in Montana. 

 Crowding of the southern ranges- 

 .caused this to a large extent. From 

 1870 to 1905, the stock industry of 

 Montana gradually extended over the 

 entire state. In the mountain re- 

 gions, there were already a few 

 Spanish cattle running in small 

 herds; but the big stock business did 

 not occupy the area until a large 

 part of the plains country was over- 

 crowded. By 1905, most of the range 

 in the mountains was pretty well 



taken up by sheep and cattlemen. 



"When the Forest Reserves were 

 created, they included a vast area of 

 land that had 'been used for years as 

 a summer range for the stock of the 

 State. For the first few years in the 

 life of the Service supervision, very 

 little change in range conditions oc- 

 curred. Then came the matter of 

 more strict supervision, and finally a 

 cutting down of the herds of the big 

 outfits, 'as necessitated by the condi- 

 tion of the range and other condi- 

 tions. This change was needed, and 

 good results have ;been obtained; but 

 it was no easy matter to fill the re- 

 quirements of the object of such su- 

 pervision as set out on page 7 of the 

 National Forest Manual, Grazing. 



"The coming Forest Supervisor 

 and his aides must be able to handle 

 the problem better than it has been 

 handled in some instances, if they 

 wish to reach the desired ends for 

 which Forests were created. For the 

 summer of 1913, the Deer Lodge For- 

 est will handle 11,500 cattle and 

 horses, and 60,000 sheep. The Okan- 

 ogan Forest will handle a like num- 

 ber, and such Forests as the Absar- 

 oka will handle many more each 

 year. The Supervisor is the mana- 

 ger of this large number of stock ae 

 far as their management on the For- 

 est is concerned; also in issuing of 

 permits, and other duties connected 

 with the grazing problem. How 

 many of the average students in For- 

 estry would care to undertake such 

 a job, even after being in the field 

 for some years? 



"Oregon and Washington sheep 

 men are in need of more range, and 

 they have requested that they be al- 

 lotted some summer range not al- 

 ready in use. This puts the problem 

 up to the District Office, and up to 



