21 



2. Cutting out in Spring. When the buds expand in the 

 spring the trees should again be gone over and all affected 

 shoots, whether flower trusses or leaf -buds, carefully cut off 

 and burned. If this operation and the previous one were 

 carried out thoroughly, there would be little or no trouble 

 with mildew unless the trees were infected from an outside 

 source. 



3. Spraying. If as a result of the removal of all primary 

 infections the trees are clean, but are known to be liable to 

 serious infections from neighbouring gardens and other mil- 

 dewed trees, it is advisable to spray with lime sulphur shortly 

 after the blossoms set and again later if necessary (1 gallon 

 lime sulphur to 30 gallons water, except for the delicate 

 varieties, Cox's Orange Pippin, James Grieve, Newton "Wonder 

 and Wellington, for which 1 in 60 must be used).* This 

 spraying, though of no value for keeping primary infection in 

 check, will do much to prevent secondary infections, and will 

 in this way help to reduce the number of bud infections which 

 initiate the new outbreaks the following season. 



BROWN ROT OF APPLES. 



(Monilia fructigena, Pers.) 



Brown Eot of Apples carries off hundreds of tons of ripe 

 or half ripe fruit every season. The soft brown patches of decay 

 commence as mere spots and gradually increase in size until 

 the whole apple is affected, while, small pustular swellings 

 appear beneath the skin and soon burst through as yellowish, 

 powdery, cushion-like outgrowths, usually in concentric circles 

 (see Fig. 1 b and c). The diseased apples ultimately shrink 

 in size and the skin becomes wrinkled. Such fruits, when 

 hanging loosely, are easily detached, and many fall to the 

 ground during a high wind; the rot continues to develop on 

 these windfalls, and more pustules are produced, which act as 

 sources of further infection. When, however, a diseased 

 apple is in contact with other apples, or with a branch, 

 the pustules produced at the point of contact become adherent 

 and may so attach the apple to the tree that some little force 

 is required to detach it. 



Method of Attack by the Parasite. The disease is caused 

 by the fungus Monilia fructigena,, Pers. The powdery pustules 

 which appear on the affected apples are the reproductive 

 bodies of the fungus growing in the flesh of the fruit, and 

 each consists of numerous chains of spores or reproductive 



* Lime-sulphur wash is now made by many firms, and is readily 

 obtainable, but the manufacturers should be asked to guarantee that the 

 concentrated wash is of 1*3 specific gravity. 



