ON THE ANATOMY OP THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. 51 



Besides the above glands, which are usually present in Mammalia, 

 there is a large, more superficially situated, gland that lies in front of 

 the angle of the jaw on its inner side. This gland is much lobulated, is 

 about 8 inches long, 1 inch wide at its greatest width, and \ inch thick. 

 It opens by many ducts, some situated on raised papillae, in the cheek*. 

 It probably corresponds to the molar glands found in many animals, P. Z. S. 1879, 

 particularly Rodents. Dr. Watson and Messrs. Miall and Greenwood p< ' 

 only found the parotid gland present in their examples t. 



Alimentary Canal. The oesophagus is of but small calibre; at its 

 entrance into the stomach, when cut open and stretched out, it measures 

 4 inches. 



The stomach in shape resembles that of the Indian Elephant as figured by 

 Camper and others. Its long axis lies almost vertically in the animal, 

 with the cardiac end directed upwards, the pyloric being downwards. 

 In a straight line it measures 26 inches from the cardiac to pyloric ends ; 

 from the extremity of the cul-de-sac, along the greater curvature to the 

 pylorus, 35^ inches ; along the lower curvature 18| inches. Its greatest 

 depth is 9 inches, at the pylorus only 3|. The rounded cul-de-sac, to 

 the left of the entrance of the oesophagus, is 9| inches long by 7| deep. 

 Perrault gives 3| feet by 14 inches as the dimensions of the stomach in 

 his adult animal. In his figure of this viscus (I. c. pi. 20) the cardiac 

 cul-de-sac is represented as nearly conical ; and in other respects his 

 representation is not good. 



The mucous membrane of the cardiac cul-de-sac is raised up into about 

 fifteen thick zonary folds, which are arranged with considerable regularity 

 in that part of the stomach, but decrease both in size and regularity as 

 they approach the pyloric part ; so that the posterior third of the inner 

 part of the stomach is almost smooth, with only slight and irregularly 

 disposed rugaej. The folds are very expansible ; but in the ordinary state 

 none exceeds about 1 inch in depth. The greater part are continuous all 

 round the stomach ; but others blend with adjacent folds ; so that it is 

 not possible to count the exact number with any great accuracy. The 

 mucous membrane of the oesophagus is sharply marked off from that of 

 the stomach : here it is covered by numerous short slit-like depressions 



* My friend Mr. W. Ottley, of University College, was kind enough to help me by 

 dissecting out and measuring these glands. 



t Mr. Bartlett tells me that in both sexes of the African Elephant the peculiar 

 temporal gland, which is found in the Indian species, and opens externally between 

 the eye and ear, is certainly present. I omitted, unfortunately, to look for it. 



t Mayer's figure (Nor. Act. Acad. 0. L. vol. xxii. pt. 1, pi. iv. fig. 3, 1847) of the 

 stomach of the Indian species does not sufficiently indicate the regularly zonary nature 

 of these folds ; in that of Sir James Emerson Tennent (' The Wild Elephant,' p. 59 

 [1867]), on the other hand, these folds are represented as much too regular and 

 sharply defined. 



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