CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIKD-ANATOMY, ETC. 189 



35. ON THE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANATOMY AND ibiB.1881, 

 CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS MADE BY THE LATE 

 PROF. GARROD, F.R.S.* 



IT having been suggested to me by one of the Editors of this Journal 

 that a concise resume of the ornithological papers of my late friend and 

 predecessor, Prof. A. H. Garrod, F.R.S., would not only form an appro- 

 priate memoir of him, but would also be useful to those ornithologists 

 who are interested in the anatomy of birds and the questions of classi- 

 fication that depend on it, I have endeavoured in the present paper to 

 give a short sketch of the contributions Prof. Garrod made to our know- 

 ledge of, and of his views on these points. 



In the seven years (1872-1879) during which Prof. Grarrod held the 

 post of Prosector to the Zoological Society, no less than thirty-eight 

 papers from his pen (all, with one exception"!", published in the Zoological 

 Society's 'Proceedings') appeared, dealing with various points in the 

 anatomy or physiology of birds. Of these a complete list will be found Ibis, 1881, 

 in the January number of this Journal for last year:}:. All of these, p ' ' 

 except two, are morphological in nature ; but many of the characters of 

 birds from the physiological side were fully expounded in his series of 

 Fullerian Lectures at the Royal Institution and elsewhere. At the time 

 of his death, Prof. Garrod was also engaged on an article on the mecha- 

 nism of flight ; for his wonderful mechanical skill enabled him to explain 

 and demonstrate this and other physiological problems in a method but 

 rarely to be met with amongst biologists generally. But this, unfortu- 

 nately, he left in an unfinished condition. 



* Ibis, 1881, pp. 1-32. 



f " Note on some of the Cranial Peculiarities of the Woodpeckers," Ibis, 1872, 

 p. 357. 



J In addition to his published papers on birds, Prof. Garrod was engaged, as 

 probably many of the readers of ' The Ibis ' are aware, on a general account of the 

 Anatomy of Birds, to be published in three fasciculi. As originally planned, the first 

 fasciculus of this work was to contain a complete account of the anatomy (not in- 

 cluding the histology) of the common Fowl, as a type of all birds ; the second was to 

 be occupied with a comparative account of the " soft parts " in the different groups ; 

 whilst the third was, I believe, to have been devoted to osteology and a consideration 

 of the results arrived at as regards classification. Of these three fasciculi, the first 

 was nearly completed at the time of his death, and the second left about half done, 

 nearly all the groups of the " Homalogonatous " birds being treated of in it, together 

 with some of the remaining ones. The MS. of both of these portions has been, 

 fortunately for our science, preserved ; and it is my hope some day to complete the 

 work for publication in a form worthy of its original author. 



" On the Mechanism of the Gizzard in Birds," P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 52o-529 ; " On a 

 Point in the Mechanism of the Bird's Wing," P. Z. S. 1875, pp. 82-84. 



