192 ON THE LATE PEOF. GAEEOD's CONTRIBUTIONS 



Fig. 3. 



Skull of Furnarius rufus, showing its schizorhinal character 

 (from P. Z. S. 1877, p. 450, fig. 3). 



importance of the character to a certain extent, although it is not at all 

 necessary to assume that it overthrows its significance. Collateral evi- 

 dence, from visceral and other details, compels me still to think that 

 those schizorhinal birds which possess the ambiens muscle, or are, in 

 other words, homalogonatous, must be retained in one great order, 

 Charadriiformes, until some important structural differences are discovered 

 which necessitate their being otherwise arranged. The schizorhinal 

 disposition is most certainly one which is a secondary development upon 

 the normal holorhinal one ; and that it has been independently arrived 

 at in two non-related orders of the class is proof that it results from 

 most simple causes, because the probability that the same complex con- 

 formation should appear, de novo, varies inversely as the complexity ; the 

 greater the elaborateness the less the chance that it, in all its detail, 

 conies into existence more than once." 



Ibis 1881 "--'- ^ e Carotid Arteries. 



p ' 6 * The variations in the position of the carotid arteries in birds had been 



studied by Meckel, Bauer, Barkow, and others ; but their opportunities 

 of observation were limited, for the most part, to European species. 

 Prof. Garrod, in his paper on the subject*, has recorded their condition 

 in 400 species of birds, of 300 different genera ; in his subsequent papers, 

 or MS. notes, many additional species are included. 



Erom a consideration of these, six different modifications in the dis- 

 position of these vessels may be traced : 



" On the Carotid Arteries of Birds," P.Z.S. 1873, pp. 457-472. 



