TO BIRD-ANATOMY AND CLASSIFICATION. 203 



forms * are simply confirmations of, or additions to, our previous know- 

 ledge of the subject. But, so far as I am aware, little or no attention 

 had ever previously been paid to the details of modification in the 

 cartilaginous or ossified tracheal and bronchial structures concerned in Ibis, 1881, 

 the formation of the hard framework of the lower larynx, or " syrinx." 

 Garrod's investigations into this subject therefore mark a new line of 

 departure ; and it is exceedingly to be regretted that only one part of 

 his notes on the subject were completed before his death, these forming 

 his paper " On the Conformation of the Thoracic Extremity of the 

 Trachea in the Class Aves. Part I. The Gallinae"t, the last contribution 

 of his pen to ornithological science. There is every reason to believe 

 that this line of research, when prosecuted further, will lead to most 

 valuable results as a means of separating, on anatomical grounds, allied 

 genera or families of birds*. Of his investigations of the lower larynx of 

 the Passeres I propose to speak later, under that head. 



In the remaining part of this paper I propose to consider the results 

 arrived at, from the consideration of these and other anatomical features, 

 by Prof. Garrod as to the relationships of various obscure forms of birds, 

 and also to describe certain remarkable peculiarities of others as first 

 discovered by him. In these remarks, as before, I shall, for convenience* 

 sake, follow, as nearly as possible, a chronological order, reserving, 

 however, till the last any general views on the classification of birds 

 as a whole. 



1. Strutkio. In this paper, written in conjunction with Mr. Frank 

 Darwin, the principal point of interest is the discovery, or, at all events, 

 first notice, of a peculiar nodule of bone lying on the centre of the pubis, 

 and, in some respects, similar to the " marsupial " bone of the Impla- Ibis, 1881, 

 cental Mammalia and its corresponding fibrous representative in certain p ' 

 Carnivora. 



* " On the Form of the Lower Larynx in certain Species of Ducks," P. Z. S. 1875, 

 pp. 151-156 (the species described are Sarcidiornis melanonota,Rhodonessa caryophyllacea, 

 and Metopiana peposaca) ; " On the Form of the Trachea in certain Species of Storks 

 and Spoonbills," P. Z. S. 1875, pp. 297-301 ( Tantalus ibis and Platalea ajaja) ; " On the 

 Trachea of Tantalus loculator and of Vanellus cayennensis" P. Z. S. 1878, pp. 625-629. 



t P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 354-380, figs. 1-35. 



\ A second part of Garrod's notes on the trachea, describing that of the Cuculidae, I 

 found in a nearly complete state amongst his MSS., as well as a very considerable 

 mass of drawings and notes on this subject in other groups, it having been the special 

 object of his study up to within a very few weeks of his death. Indeed, during all his 

 last illness, when too weak to attend to larger and less convenient objects, he con- 

 tinued to work away with all his old enthusiasm and energy at the windpipes of birds, 

 especially those from the extensive collection of Procellariidse &c. made by H.M.S. 

 ' Challenger.' 



" Notes on an Ostrich lately living in the Society's Collection," P. Z. S. 1872, 

 pp. 356-363. 



