MANUCODIA ATRA AND OTHER BIRDS. 341 



it is interesting to observe that the validity of the separation is 

 confirmed by what we now know of the tracheal conformation of the 

 two groups in question. 



Phonygama (as represented by P. Tceraudreni and gouldi) has the 

 trachea (at least usually) convoluted in both sexes, that of the adult male 

 being spirally convoluted several times, whilst that of the female forms 

 a single curve with a loop to the right. Manucodia (in M. chalybeata, 

 jobiensis, and atra), on the other hand, has the trachea convoluted in the 

 male only, the convolution being in the form of a simple loop, extending, p. z. S. 1882, 

 in the first two species, onto the pectoral muscles, but confined in P- 35 - 

 M. atra to the interclavicular area. 



As regards the occurrence of convoluted tracheae in the class Aves 

 generally, it may be useful to give as complete a list as is in my power of 

 all the hitherto recorded instances. Pavesi has already (I. c. vi. pp. 317, 

 318) given such a list, compiled from various authors ; but the opportu- 

 nities for observation of my predecessor and myself have enabled me to 

 give, as will be seen below, a much fuller and more complete one. I 

 have endeavoured to state exactly in what species this convolution has 

 been observed, or has been found to be absent, as well as to state pre- 

 cisely the sexes of the individuals presenting the peculiarities. Unless 

 otherwise stated, the observation has been made by Prof. Garrod or 

 myself. 



A. The convolutions of the trachea are superficial, lying beneath the 

 skin, extending often more or less onto the pectoral, or even 

 abdominal, muscles. 



OSCINES. 



Phonygama Tceraudreni. 3 [Lesson, Pavesi, Meyer]. [Probably $ 



also.] 

 gouldi. <$ : present, much less developed (sometimes absent) 



in $. 

 Manucodia chalybeata. <f [Pavesi, Meyer]. 



jobiensis. tf . [Condition in $ not known.] 



atra. <$ . [Condition in $ not known.] 



At present it has been found in the males only of these three species, 

 and, as already indicated, is, from Beccari's observations on M. chaly- 

 beata, probably absent altogether in the females. 



Farn. ANATID.E. 



In the males of Anseranas melanoleuca the trachea forms a very 

 extensive double loop, extending to quite the end of the pectoral muscles. 

 The female has simply a slight bend in the neck. 



