346 ON THE ANATOMY OF THE TODIES. 



placed nearest the Momotidse. My better opportunities for observation 

 do not allow me to fall in with the opinion of the last two distinguished 

 naturalists. Reserving for the present comparison, I append my notes 

 on the dissection of the two species of Todus I have examined. 



The tongue is elongated, about '75 inch long, flat and thin, nearly 

 parallel-sided, though slightly tapering apically, and of horny consistence 

 for most of its length. The root of the tongue, which is more fleshy, 

 has some small spines developed along its base and for a short distance 

 along the lateral margins. These margins anterior to this are frayed- 

 out or ciliated, the direction of the laminae so produced being backwards ; 

 the tip itself is quite entire. There is no crop ; the proventriculus is, 

 as usual, zonary ; and the stomach (containing insects and seeds in the 

 specimen examined) is a fairly muscular gizzard, lined by hard epithelium. 

 The right lobe of the liver is much larger than the left. The intestines 

 are remarkably short, their total length not exceeding 3j inches. The 

 caeca are well-developed*, and large for the size of the bird, measuring 

 about one-third of an inch. Their shape is that constantly met with in 

 all the non-Passerine Anomalogonatous birds possessing ca3ca narrowed 



P. Z. S. 1882, towards their insertion, and dilated apically. There are two carotid 

 D 444 



arteries. 



In the leg, the ambiens and accessory femoro-caudal muscles are absent, 

 as are the gluteus quintus and primus. The femoro-caudal, semitendi- 

 nosus, and accessory sernitendinosus are all well developed. The myo- 

 logical formula is thus A. XT. The obturator internus is triangular. 

 The deep plantar flexor tendons of the toes blend about three quarters 

 down the leg, the slip to the hallux being given off from the inner of the 

 two tendons a little before it joins the other one. 



The pectoralis secundus extends nearly to the end of the sternum. 

 There is no third pectoral, nor biceps slip to the patagium. The expansor 

 secundariorum muscle, on the other hand, is well developed, the long 

 thin tendon ceasing on the axillary margin of the teres muscle in a way 

 hitherto only known in some of the G-allinaceae f. I find, however, that 

 exactly the same condition occurs in Momotus (lessoni) and Hylomanes 

 (gularis), in some of the Alcedinidse (e. g. Tanysiptera, Syma, and 

 Cittura), as also in Steatornis. The presence of this muscle at all in 

 these groups of birds was, I may remark, hitherto unknown +. The 



* They are erroneously stated by Duvernoy (Anat. Comp. Cuv. iv. [2] p. 284) to be 

 absent. 



t Cf. Garrod, Coll. Papers, p. 324. 



J Besides the Coraciidse, the existence in which of this muscle was pointed out by 

 Garrod (Coll. Papers, p. 324), it exists also of the same " ciconiiform " shape in the 

 Meropidae, Leptosoma (P. Z.S. 1880, p. 470), and, as already noted in MS. by Garrod, 

 in the Galbulidae. It is absent in all (? Bucconidse) the other families of Anoma- 

 logonatce. 



