ANIMALS. 243 



men, who are as ugly as the men, wear their hair, which they bind 

 up with bits of copper and other ornaments of a like nature. The 

 majority of these nations have no religion, no settled notions of mo- 

 rality, no decency of behaviour. They are chiefly robbers : and the 

 natives of Dagestan, who live near their more polished neighbours, 

 make a traffic of Tartar slaves who have been stolen, and sell them to 

 the Turks and the Persians. Their chief riches consist in horses, of 

 which perhaps there are more in Tartary than in any other part of the 

 world. The natives are taught by custom to live in .the same place 

 with their horses : they are continually employed in managing them, 

 and at last bring them to such great obedience that the horse seems 

 actually to understand the rider's intention. 



To this race of men also, we must refer the Chinese and the Ja- 

 panese, however different they seem in their manners and ceremonies. 

 It is the form of the body that we are now principally considering ; 

 and there is between these countries a surprising resemblance. It is 

 in general allowed that the Chinese have broad faces, small eyes, 

 flat noses, and scarce any beard ; that they are broad and square 

 shouldered, and rather less in stature than Europeans. These are 

 marks common to them and the Tartars, and they may therefore be 

 considered as being derived from the same original. " I have ob- 

 served," says Chardin, " that in all the people from the east and the 

 north of the Caspian sea, to the peninsula of Malacca, that the lines 

 of the face, and the formation of the visage is the same. This has 

 induced me to believe that all these nations are derived from the same 

 original, however different either their complexions or their man- 

 ners may appear : for as to the complexion, that proceeds entirely 

 from the climate and the food ; and as to the manners, these are gene- 

 rally the result of their different degrees of wealth or power." That 

 they come from one stock, is evident also from this, that the Tartars 

 who settle in China, quickly resemble the Chinese ; and, on the con- 

 trary, the Chinese who settle in Tartary, soon assume the figure and 

 the manners of the Tartars. 



The Japanese so much resemble the Chinese, that one cannot hesi- 

 tate to rank them in the same class. They only differ in being rather 

 browner, as they inhabit a more southern climate. They are, in 

 genera], described as of a brown complexion, a short stature, a broad 

 flat face, a very little beard, and black hair. Their customs and cere- 

 monies are nearly the same ; their ideas of beauty similar ; and their 

 artiticial deformities of blackening the teeth, and bandaging the feet, 

 entirely alike in both countries. They both, therefore, proceed from 

 the same stock ; and although they differ very much from their brutal 

 progenitors, yet they owe their civilization wholly to the mildness of 

 the climate in which they reside, and to the peculiar fertility of the 

 soil. To this tribe also, we may refer the Cochin Chinese, the Sia- 

 mese, the Tonquinese, and the inhabitants of Arracan, Laos, and Pegu, 

 who, though all differing from the Chinese, and each other, neverthe- 

 ess, have too strong a resemblance, not to betray their common 

 original. 



Another, which makes the third variety in the human species, is 

 that of the southern Asiatics; the form of whose features and per 



