270 A HISTORY OF 



or copious : but with regard to quadrupeds, the number is but few ; 

 many of them we are well acquainted with by habit; and the rest 

 may verv readily be known, without any method. In treating of 

 such, therefore, it would be useless to confound the reader with a 

 multiplicity of divisions ; as quadrupeds are conspicuous enough to 

 obtain the second rank in nature, it becomes us to be acquainted 

 with, at least, the names of them all. However, as there are na- 

 turalists who have gained a name from the excellence of their me- 

 thods in classing these animals, some readers may desire to have a 

 knowledge of what has been laboriously invented for their instruction. 

 I will just take leave, therefore, to mention the most applauded 

 methods of classing animals, as adopted by Ray, Klein, and Lin- 

 naeus ; for it often happens, that the terms which have been long 

 used in a science, though frivolous, become by prescription a part of 

 the science itself. 



Ray, after Aristotle, divides all animals into two kinds ; those 

 which have blood, and those which are bloodless. In the last class, 

 he places all the insect tribes. The former he divides into such as 

 breathe through the lungs, and such as breathe through gills : these 

 last comprehend the fishes. In those which breathe through the lungs, 

 some have the heart composed of two ventricles, and some have it of 

 one. Of the last are all animals of the cetaceous kind, all oviparous 

 quadrupeds, and serpents. Of those that have two ventricles, some 

 are oviparous, which are the birds ; and some viviparous, which are 

 quadrupeds. The quadrupeds he divides into such as have a hoof, 

 such as are claw-footed. Those with the hoof, he divides all such 

 such as have it undivided, such as have it cloven, and such as 

 have the hoof divided into more parts, as the rhinoceros, and hip- 

 popotamos. Animals with the cloven hoof, he divides into such as 

 chew the cud, such as the cow, and the sheep ; and such as are not 

 ruminant, as the hog. He divides those animals that chew the cud, 

 into four kinds : the first have hollow horns, which they never shed, 

 as the cow ; the second is of a less species, and is of the sheep kind ; 

 the third is of the goat kind ; and the last, which have solid horns, 

 and shed them annually, are of the deer kind. Coming to the claw- 

 footed animals, he finds some with large claws, resembling the 

 fingers of the human hand ; and these he makes the ape kind. Of 

 the others, some have the foot divided into two, and have a claw to 

 each division ; these are the camel kind. The elephant makes a 

 kind by itself, as its claws are covered over by a skin. The rest of 

 the numerous tribe of claw-footed animals he divides into two kinds ; 

 the analogous, or such as resemble each other ; and the anomalous, 

 which differ from the rest. The analogous claw-footed animals, are 

 of two kinds ; they have more than two cutting teeth in each jaw, 

 such as the lion and the dog, which are carnivorous ; or they have 

 but two cutting teeth in each jaw; and these are chiefly fed upon ve- 

 getables. The carnivorous kinds are divided into the great and little. 

 The great carnivorous animals are divided into such as hav3 a short 

 snout, as the cat and the lion ; and such as have it long and pointed, 

 as The dog and the wolf. The little claw-footed carnivorous animals, 

 differ from the great, in having a proportionality smaller head, 



