90 THE ADI AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD. 



" cause " of the series of actually presented facts. Nevertheless 

 this interpretation is by no means incompatible with the belief 

 that things have an " inner being " possibly " ultimately 

 psychical," like the inner being of another person's toothache* 

 so long as this inner being is not regarded as the reality of 

 which the facts accessible to observation are merely appearances. 



34. 



When a hot body is placed near colder ones it gets colder, 

 they get hotter. These primary facts become intelligible are 

 systematised by the thought of a transference of " some- 

 thing" from the one to the other. This something is heat. 

 Black,t who made such important conquests for Science by 

 means of this concept, was one of those who are able to keep 

 on their guard against the dangers which Ostwald sees in the 

 BUd. He declines to form any definite conception of the 

 relation of the heat to the substance which occupies the same 

 space, on the ground 'that no Objective facts are before hinrto 

 justify his doing so. But if heat is regarded as a substance at 

 all, the " amount " of it which reaches the cold bodies must be 

 thought of as equal to that which left the hot body. .The 

 problem is set therefore of finding " something constant " at 

 both ends, so to speak, of the transaction. If a steady flame is 

 the " source of heat," it is impossible not to suppose that the 

 " quantity of heat " leaving the flame per minute is always the 

 same. Let us place above the flame in succession different 

 weights of water each for the same length of time. Examina- 

 tion of the results shows that the product ' of the weight of 

 water by the rise of temperature is in each case the same. 

 This constant product, then, may be identified with the 

 " quantity of heat " of which we are in search. 



This simple example will serve to illustrate the weighty 



* Stout, op. cit., p. 158. 



t Black, Lectures on Chemistry, 1803. 



