Diseases of the Respiratory Organs 



Section I. 



DISEASES OF THE NASAL CAVITIES AND OF THE 

 ACCESSORY CAVITIES OF THE NOSE. 



I. Hemorrhage from the Nose. Epistaxis. 



{Haemorrhagia narium, Rhinorrhagia. ) 



By hemorrhage from the nose proper is understood a hem- 

 orrhage from the vessels of the nose or from those of the acces- 

 sory nasal cavities. 



Etiology. Epistaxis is sometimes seen in otherwise per- 

 fectly healthy horses in consequence of a congenital predisposi- 

 tion, probably hemophilia, and may then occur without any ob- 

 vious cause at all or from a quite insignificant external cause. 

 Predisposition of this kind to epistaxis appears to be congenital, 

 particularly in highly bred horses, and it often disappears with 

 advancing age. 



The most common causes of epistaxis are traumatic in- 

 juries to the head, such as a blow or a thrust, or injuries to tlie 

 nasal mucosa, which may also be due to the introduction of the 

 laryngoscope, to convulsive expiration after the penetration of 

 foreign bodies, or to dust from the feed (Bigoteau), to stings 

 and bites of parasites (Pentastomum, CEstrus), to laceration 

 of the vena pterygoidea, or of the vena maxillaris interna in 

 fracture of the condyloid process of the maxilla. Epistaxis also 

 frequently occurs in fracture of the base of the skull. Another 

 cause may be congestion of the head or stasis, especially in 

 chronic diseases of the heart and lungs, also compression of the 

 jugular vein. 



Rare causes of epistaxis are teleangiectasia or angioma; 

 the erosion of individual vessels in ulceration of the nasal 

 mucosa commonly leads to hemorrhage from the nose, particu- 

 larly also in glanderous ulcers. Rare causes of epistaxis are: 

 laceration of the arteria pharyngea (Blaise), of the dilated ar- 

 teria carotis interna, of the arteria maxillaris interna (Walley, 

 Cadeac) or of the arteria nasalis (Marafon). 



