Animal Parasites in the Nasal and Accessory Cavities. 21 



Differences in the volume of the air exhaled from either nostril 

 may be ascertained by holding the moistened back of the hand 

 in front of the nose or by placing a mirror in front of them and 

 watching the deposit of dew, respectively, the difference in the 

 size and the time of disappearance of the dewy deposit (Kaern- 

 bach). Labial breathing is observed in more severe cases. It 

 disappears, however, on opening the mouth. With the exception 

 of horses, animals breathe either temporarily or permanently 

 through the open mouth and the respiratory noises men- 

 tioned above are then not heard. Tumors growing in the lower 

 portions of the nasal cavities are detected bv direct inspection, 

 while those in the upper portions of the nasal cavities 

 are felt upon sounding of the nasal passages. 



There is usually a nasal secretion on account of the second- 

 ary nasal catarrh, which is, as a rule, unilateral, mucopurulent, 

 often fetid, sometimes mixed with fragments of tissues. Soft 

 or ulcerating neoplasms may lead to epistaxis, while tumors of 

 the upper portion of the nasal cavities which extend into the 

 pharynx may cause disturbances of deglutition. A unilateral, 

 chronic swelling of the submaxillary lymph glands is rarely 

 missed; however, it reaches a high degree only in the presence 

 of malignant or tuberculous tumors. Sometimes a change of 

 form of the noise is noted, or dullness on percussion of the ridge 

 of the nose or exceptionally a protrusion of the hard palate 

 toward the buccal cavity. 



Treatment. Exceptionally only is any treatment, aside 

 from surgical interference, serviceable. An angioma situated 

 near the anterior nares may be made to shrink by brushing 

 with a 10% solution of trichloracetic acid. 



Literature. Gerspach, Tuberculose eiiies Pferdes, Diss. Giesseii, 1905. 



Kaembaeh, Die Neubildiingen der Nasenhohle und der Nebenhohlen des' Pferdes 

 Berlin, 1909 (Lit.). ' 



9, Animal Parasites in the Nasal and Accessory Cavities, 

 (a) (Estrus ovis. 



{Bremsenlarvenkrankheif, CEstruslarvenkrankheit, Hornwurm- 

 krankheit, Bremsenschwindel, Schleuderkrankheit [Ger- 

 man] ; Vertige d'oestres, faux tournis [French].) 



The disease caused by the larva of the sheep flv is character- 

 ized anatomically by a catarrhal inflammation of "the nasal and 

 accessory cavities. 



Historical. CKstrus larvae were first observed in the head cavities 

 of sheep by Vallisneri in 1712; later on they frequently became the 

 object of close studies; CEstrus ovis became well know-n from the 

 descriptions of Bracy Clark (1797) and Hertwig (1838) and veterina- 

 rians have since then frequently discussed this subject. 



