Courso. 27 



majority of cases, a clironic nasal catarrh accompanied by 

 frequent sneezing (so-called Pentastomum coryza) and subse- 

 quent profuse discharg-e from the nose. The animals rub tlieir 

 noses on the ground or on their front legs or use their paws 

 to rub over it. The nasal discharge is mucopurulent evidently 

 mixed with blood and later on harbors numer- 

 ous double contoured ova, each of which con- 

 tains an embryo (Fig. 3). All symptoms are 

 increased after running and sneezing; shaking 

 of the head, rubbing of the nose may appear in 

 the form of paroxysms, during which the ani- 

 mals may expel one or more parasites (Dumeril, 

 Megnin). The olfactory sense is often intensely 

 impaired. This is shown by the fact that the Fig. 3. Ovum of 

 sick animals do not recognize their feed with J,'f"i^fel^°""ecordiny 

 the sense of smell and take it only if held to Leuckait. 

 before them. 



Sometimes there is restlessness and excitement, which is 

 particularly noticeable during sleep, when the animals, which 

 usually snore, sometimes jump up and sneeze convulsively. 

 While" awake restlessness is shown by the fact that the patients 

 are irritable, growl, grind their teeth when approached, hide 

 occasionally, also cry out, turn around in a circle, until they 

 fall exhausted to the floor and lie there motionless. True 

 maniacal attacks, as in rabies, hardly ever occur. 



The difficulties in respiration may become so severe as to 

 lead to attacks of suffocation; the facial expression betrays 

 great anxiety, the eyes are staring, foamy fluid flows from 

 the mouth, and respiration is accompanied by whistling and 

 rattling sounds. Exceptionally a jierforation of the hard palate 

 may occur. 



Course. The disease always takes a chronic course. The 

 parasites may remain in the nasal ducts as long as fifteen 

 months (Colin), but are finally expelled. Most dogs reco\er 

 from the disease, but they frequently become emaciated, al- 

 though finally they recover completely. Death is exceedingly 

 rare and is then caused by the extension of an ethmoiditis into 

 the meninges or by parasites getting into the larynx and 

 causing death by suffocation (Dick). 



lu horses the exfooilingly rare affection is characterizeil by frequent sneezing, 

 shaking of the head, a nuiooiii or nuicopurnlent nasal discharge and chronic swelling 

 of the submaxillary glands. 



The diagnosis can be established beyond doubt only by 

 the discovery of the parasites or their ova. Suspicion of 

 Pentastomum invasion is however justified when symptoms of 

 an obstinate chronic catarrh of the nasal and accessory cavities 

 aie observed, particularly in butchers', shepherds' or hunters' 



