Symptoms. Diagnosis. Treatment. 35 



of the frontal sinus or a fracture of the horn in cattle, usually 

 play an etiologic role. An improper frontal yoke may be the 

 cause of the disease. Joest described a case in a dog in which 

 a plug of cotton was left in the frontal sinus after trepanation, 

 and caused a purulent catarrh. In a certain number of cases 

 catarrh of the frontal sinus developed secondarily as a sequel 

 to catarrh of the maxillary antrum (in horses and possibly 

 also in dogs), or as a sequel to malignant catarrhal fever and 

 finally in consequence of neoplasms in the frontal cavities. 



Symptoms. Corresponding with the usually unilateral 

 affection we often see a unilateral, sometimes fetid nasal dis- 

 charge, particularly after blowing or after an attack of cough 

 ])rought on artificially, or after the animal has lowered its head. 

 The discharge is often profuse and is partly licked up by the 

 animals. The first symptom in cattle may be epistaxis, Avhich 

 is later on followed l3y other symptoms. Firm pressure upon 

 the frontal bone, or percussion of the frontal region or of 

 the base of the horns causes pain; occasionally one may elicit 

 dullness on percussion on either one or both sides. Cattle hold 

 the head obliquely in unilateral affection and lower it in bilateral 

 disease. There may be unilateral or bilateral conjunctivitis 

 with edema of the upper eyelids. In severe cases, particularly 

 in cattle, there may be unconsciousness due either to dull pain 

 in the frontal region (Moussu) or to pressure upon the brain 

 in consequence of bulging of the internal bone plate into the 

 cranial cavity. In the latter case, exceptionally also under 

 other conditions, one may see the clinical picture of meningitis 

 or of epileptiform attacks. Eailliet saw in a sheep the symp- 

 toms of gid. 



Diagnosis. The disease is easily diagnosed on the basis 

 of the symptoms described, the most important of which are 

 tenderness to pressure of the frontal region and of the base 

 of the horns, elevation of temperature in these regions and 

 nasal discharge. 



Treatment. Trepanation of the frontal sinuses is the only 

 proper treatment. Imminger, however, brought about recovery 

 in horses by energetic irrigation by way of the trephined antrum 

 of Highmore. 



Monssu proposes that in cattle under three years of age, where the cavities 

 at the base of the horns are not yet well developed and where the lower portion 

 of the frontal sinuses do not much bulge, trepanation should be made in the upper 

 portion of the frontal sinuses in the middle between the median line and the horn 

 pegs. In older animals the core of the horn cavity should be opened 1 to 2 cm. out- 

 side of the core of the horn ring and also the lower portion of the frontal sinus, 

 directly over the superciliary ridge, in the middle of the affected half of the front. 

 Irrigation should be performed with lukewarm disinfectant and astringent solutions. 

 Trepanation in dogs has been described in detail by Weis & Parascanddo. 



Literature. Imminger, W. f. Tk., 1908, 1.— Weis & Parascandolo, D. t. W., 

 1903, 17.— Morkeberg, Maanedsskr., 1907, XIX, 92.— Eailliet, Rec, 1881, 398.— 

 (Compare also literature on catarrh of the antrum of Highmore.) 



