23 ("i-oujxms liliiiiitis. 



Occurrence. Xasal croup is usually seen as an independent 

 disease anioni;- horses, more rarely among- cattle. The disease 

 not infrequently appears enzootically among horses, particu- 

 larly among the animals of a breeding establishment, and is 

 then sometimes associated witli follicular inflammation of the 

 nasal mucosa (Roell). 



Etiology. The disease sometimes appears after the inhala- 

 tion of hot air and smoke in conflagrations. In most cases, how- 

 ever, an infection appears to be the causative factor. Koell ob- 

 served the spread of the disease from sick to healthy horses. 

 Obolenski, Berndt and Grunth observed a contagious spreading 

 of nasal croup among cattle. (See Croup of Cattle, Vol. I.) The 

 suspected infectious virus is not known as yet; in horses, how- 

 ever, the possibility that streptococcus equi is the etiologic fac- 

 tor cannot be entirely discarded. In one of the author's own 

 cases this disease followed after streptococcus mastitis in a 

 mare, and in a case of Wyssmann, in a cow, it was preceded by 

 a parenchymatous mastitis. 



Nasal croup is seen as a secondary affection in the course of 

 some infectious disease (rinderpest, malignant catarrhal fever, 

 morbus maculosus, strangles, etc.). 



Symptoms. The disease is initiated with the symptoms of 

 a severe acute nasal catarrh, followed soon by the formation of 

 gray or reddish-gray pseudomembranes, several millimeters 

 thick, which adhere more or less firmly to the intensely red and 

 intensely swollen mucosa. These pseudomembranous deposits 

 are either confined to smaller areas or they form larger, more 

 extensive, continuous patches. They can be easily detached and 

 after this has been done spots of mucosa are exposed to view 

 which are void of epithelium, granular, intensely red and easily 

 bleeding. After a few days the pseudomembranes become de- 

 tached spontaneously. The epithelial covering is then replaced, 

 the mucosa becomes gradually paler, and recovery takes place 

 without leaving any permanent changes. 



There is a yellowish, tenacious nasal secretion which is later 

 mixed with shreds of pseudomembranes. Respiration is forced 

 and snorting in severe cases. The soft parts of the nasal region, 

 the submaxillary lymph glands and the afferent lymph vessels 

 are more or less swollen, hot and tender. Very rarely we see in 

 the neighborhood of the nares nodules and ulcers similar to 

 those seen in follicular inflammation of the nasal mucosa. The 

 body temperature is markedly elevated u]) to the shedding of 

 the pseudomembranes. 



The course is usually favorable; recovery occurs in about 

 a week, provided that the other portions of the respiratory tract 

 have not been affected. 



Treatment. Treatment is similar to that employed in acute 

 nasal catarrh. The shedding of the pseudomembranes may be 



