6 Nasal Catan-h. 



skin and, aside from their etiology, differ in this respect from rhinoscle- 

 roma, the occurrence of which among animals has not yet been estab- 

 lished beyond a don])t, thongh some cases have ])een reported in litera- 

 ture. 



Tn poorly nourislied, anemic, weakly sheep, and especially in lambs, 

 chronic nasal catarrh occurring after drenching and cold often assumes 

 a severe type. In sucli cases the nose discharges a yellowish or dirty 

 gray, sometimes fetid secretion, and respiration becomes snorting and 

 rattling. Later on there generally follows an obstinate catarrh of the 

 eyes and of the deeper respiratory tracts ; the animals become greatly 

 exhausted. Tt is impossible to decide whether this infection stands in 

 any relation to the chronic form of hemorrhagic septicemia. 



Cats sometimes develop a chronic nasal catarrh of unknown origin 

 Avhich leads to enlargement of the nasal bones, thickening of the skin 

 of the nose and to swelling of the submaxillary glands. 



Chronic nasal catarrh frequently extends to the neighbor- 

 ing accessory cavities, in horses, especiallj^, to the antrum 

 of Highmore or to the air sacs. In dogs generally, and espe- 

 cially in animals with short noses, catarrh often spreads into 

 the frontal sinuses (Hebrant and Hermans). 



The su])maxillary hanph glands usually become somewhat 

 swollen, tougher and harder, but they do not become adherent 

 to the neighboring tissues. 



Diagnosis is generally easy. The decision as to whether 

 catarrh is primary or secondary is, however, more difficult. 

 Since it may l)e of great importance to ascertain the exact cause 

 of the affection, artificial illumination of the nasal cavities 

 is indicated eventually by the aid of a rhinolaryngoscope or of 

 the panelectroscope of Polansky-Schindelka, in certain cases 

 also trepanation of the nasal cavity and a consideration of all 

 concomitant conditions. 



It is necessary to consider more particularly the catarrh of 

 the antrum of Highmore and glanders. The former is indicated 

 by unilateral, frequently fetid, discharge, tenderness to pres- 

 sure of the infra-orbital region and sometimes by an abnormal 

 prominence of the external wall of the cavity of the superior 

 maxillary bone. In glanders are noted the peculiar nodules and 

 ulcers and the condition of tlie glands at the entrance of the 

 larynx. (See Vol. I.) If characteristic symptoms are al)sent the 

 exclusion of the above indicated affections may be very difficult. 

 However, trepanation, the mallein test, the agglutination or 

 the complement-fixation tests will reveal the nature of the dis- 

 ease, even if clinical s^^nptoms fail to do so. Increase of the 

 nasal discharge, especially during work or in depression of the 

 head, creates a suspicion of a catarrhal affection in a nasal 

 accessory cavity or in the air sac. This may, however, also be 

 observed in nasal catarrh with accumulation of the secretion 

 between the turbinated bones. Acute nasal catarrh in horses 

 sometimes represents the first stage of strangles ; Init the affec- 

 tion of the lymph glands will soon make tlie nature of the dis- 



