Thrombosis of the Nasal Veins. Nasal Catarrh. 3 



solution of adrenalin or suprarenin. The tampons so soaked 

 must be wrapped in gauze and tied to a string, so that they can 

 subsequently be removed safely. (If in horses or cattle both 

 nares have to be closed by tampons, it is necessary to make a 

 preliminary tracheotomy.) Sometimes ergotin given subcu- 

 taneously is very serviceable. In a case of Pease obstinate hem- 

 orrhage from the nose was controlled by the intravenous in- 

 jection of a 2% solution of gelatin in a 0.4% solution of sodium 

 chloride. Hemorrhages from varicose veins or from ulcers may 

 be stopped by cauterization with silver nitrate or by the actual 

 cautery. In very restless horses, narcosis ma}^ become neces- 

 sary in order to secure the arrestment of hemorrhage. (For 

 the treatment of a posthemorrhagic anemia, see Vol. I.) 



Thrombosis of the nasal veins may occur in passive congestion, in 

 marasmus, occasionally also in phlebitis (Zschokke). It is of some clini- 

 cal importance, since occasionally it may be confounded with glanders. 

 Corresponding to the thrombi one sees on the mncosa of the septum 

 yellowish or yellowish gray nodules or narrow ridges, the former some- 

 times arranged like a rosary. The mucosa in their neighborhood ap- 

 pears dark red. The appearance of the nodules, the absence of ulcera- 

 tions and the lack of swelling of the submaxillary lymph glands are suf- 

 ficiently characteristic to exclude glanders. 



Zschokke saw alinormally intense congestion in the veins of the nasal septum, 

 causing nasal stenosis in a horse in the course of thrombotic colic. The horse 

 was breathing with difficulty through the nose and also through the opened mouth 

 and made a strong snuffing noise. The nasal mucosa was intensely cyanotic, and 

 foamy blood was oozing out of both nostrils. 



2. Nasal Catarrh. Catarrhus narium. 



{Rhivitis catarrhalis, Coryza, Ozana.) 



Etiology. One of the most frequent causes of acute nasal 

 catarrh is a cold, especially in spring and fall, contracted during 

 cold, damp weather, particularly during a sudden change from 

 warm to cold. Other frequent causes are the inhalation of air 

 which is irritating to the mucosa, dust of the street, dust of feed, 

 moulds, sometimes the pollen of flowers (hay fever) or irri- 

 tating vapors, viz., ammonia which has accumulated in poorly 

 ventilated stables. (Stazzi discovered, in two cases in dogs, 

 aspergillus fumigatus as the cause of nasal catarrh.) Similar 

 are the effects of too hot air. In conflagrations the effect of 

 the latter is, however, intensified by the inhaled smoke and soot. 



Foreign bodies introduced into the nasal cavities inten- 

 tionally or accidentally may cause catarrh or superficial or deep 

 loss of substance. (Nunn saw an ear of wheat drop from the 

 catarrhal nasal cavity of a steer; Parson removed a sponge from 

 the nose of a horse.) The same is true of frequent injury of 

 the nasal mucosa of the horse, which is often produced intention- 

 ally in order to mask existing glanders. 



