Symptoms. 57 



recognized on autopsy by the fact that the lungs do not collapse 

 well after opening the thorax, since the air cannot escape from 

 the bronchioles which are filled with an exudate. Emphysema 

 of the margins of the lungs (emphysema vicarians) has the 

 ^ame significance, and also the wedge-shaped, dark, sunken-in 

 areas of the consistency of meat (atelectasia), while similar but 

 firmer areas which protrude above the general pulmonary sur- 

 face indicate an involvement of pulmonary tissue (broncho- 

 pneumonia). Mucous or purulent drops containing more or 

 less numerous fine air bubbles are seen on the cut surface. 



: In chronic catarrh, the bronchi likewise contain a serous, 

 mucous or purulent, occasionally a caseous, exudate. The mu- 

 cosa, however, appears grayish red or brownish, unequally 

 thickened and sometimes, on the contrary, pale and thinned out. 

 The connective tissue proliferation may in spots become so 

 intense that villous excrescences are formed in varying degrees, 

 Sometimes, tough nodules of the size of a millet or pea, are seen 

 outsiele of the bronchial wall, but in connection with it, which 

 may contain caseous material (peribronchitis nodosa). These 

 processes may be accompanied by a proliferation of the inter- 

 stitial pulmonary connective tissue, i. e., by an interstitial pneu- 

 monia.;. .^ 



In the deeper portions of the lungs, especially in the an- 

 terior and lower parts, bronchiectasias are formed occasionally 

 which are variable in shape (b. cylindriformes, fusiformes, 

 sacciformes, etc.), and which, in larger animals, may assume 

 tlie size of a fist. They always contain an abundant dirtj^-gray- 

 ish, mucopurulent secretion, which is occasionally fetid. 



In aspiration-bronchitis, in the presence of bronchiectasias, 

 occasionally also in simple chronic bronchial catarrh, the exu- 

 date and later on the bronchial wall itself decompose with thp 

 development of a dirty-greenish color and of a fetid smell 

 (bronchitis putrida). According to the nature of the case, the 

 bronchial glands sometimes show a,cute, sometimes chronic, 



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Symptoms. An invariable symptom of acute catarrh of the 

 larger bronchi is cough. It is short, dry at the beginning, as 

 iqiig as there is no secretion in the bronchi, and later moist, 

 with. the increase and liquefaction of the secretion; then masses 

 of secretion are expelled through the mouth or nose. Cough 

 sometimes occurs in paroxysmal attacks. Eespiratory difficulty 

 occurs.only whenever the process is more extensive, especially 

 in the initial stage. Percussion of the thorax shows nothing 

 abnormal; auscultation reveals various rales. At the very be: 

 ginning, before any secretion whatever has occurred (bronchitis 

 sicca), these rales are absent, and one may perhaps only 

 hear a rough, vesicular breathing sound, but rales appear on 

 the second or third day and remain present throughout the 

 whole course of the disease. The rales are sharp and crackling 



