58 Bronchial Catarrh. 



as lon^ as the secretion is thick and tenacious ; they becoilie 

 more dull, moist and more numerous after the secretion has 

 become more abundant and more fluid. Coarse and dull rides 

 suggest, to a certain degree, tlie involvement of the larger bron- 

 chi, while high fine rales speak for involvement of the small 

 In-onchi. Very loud strong noises indicate, in general, an affec- 

 tion of the more superficial parts, those which are less audible 

 disease of the deeper portion. Sometimes the sounds are so 

 pronounced that they can be heard in the vicinity of the patient 

 without auscultation and the rales arising near the surfaces 

 may be detected by the hands placed on the surfaces (fremitus 

 bronchialis). Commonh^ also such other sounds as whistling, 

 Jiissing, spinning are excited by the vibrations of lamellae of 

 tenacious masses of secretion. 



Nasal discharge, which is often present, has generally a 

 grayish-white mucous or mucopurulent appearance. It contains, 

 at the beginning, few formed elements; in the further course, 

 however, we find cell detritus, ciliated epithelia and many pus 

 corpuscles. 



The disease is generally initiated by a febrile elevation of 

 temperature; enzootic cases which are due to an infection are 

 particularly characterized by elevations reaching to 40° and 

 42° C. Sometimes a fall of temperature occurs as early as the 

 second, generally on the third day. Increased pulse-beat, dull- 

 ness and lassitude are likewise observed. 



The symptoms of acute catarrh of the finer bronchi are 

 usually preceded by the signs of macrobronchitis, the clinical 

 picture of the former rarely coming on immediately ; the cough, 

 which is likewise always present, is weak at the start and may 

 persist until the end, accompanied by little if any expectoration. 

 The respiration is accelerated and forced especially during ex- 

 piration; sometimes paroxysmal attacks of suffocation are ob- 

 served. 



The percussion sound is sometimes highly resonant toward 

 the boundaries of the lungs, and in such cases the pulmonary 

 boundary is usually displaced backward. This may also be so 

 pronounced that the boundaries as mapped out by percussion 

 may be in a line with the costal arches (observed by Marek in 

 horses and dogs). Atelectatic portions of the lung rarely pro- 

 duce dulness on percussion, and whenever sucli is distinctly pres- 

 ent it usually indicates that a l)ronchopneumonia has occurred. 



Auscultation demonstrates fine rales (high pitched), sharp 

 crackling sounds or crepitant rales, often in connection w^ith 

 other sounds. The vesicular breathing sound is accentuated in 

 many places, in others less distinct or absent, in consequence of 

 the permanent or temporary closure of some bronchial branches 

 with masses of secretion. 



Bronchiolitis is generally accompanied by fever lasting 

 sevei-al days or persisting throughout tlie whole course of the 



