Course. 59 



disease. The pulse is accelerated, there is dullness; lassitude 

 and marked diminution of appetite are also always present. 



Chronic bronchial catarrh develops in some instances from 

 acute catarrh. As a rule, however, it arises very insidiously 

 and develops slowly from the start. For a long time only cough 

 is observed. It comes on at first during exercise or after the in- 

 halation of cold air or after the effect of other irritating fac- 

 tors. Generally drawn and moist, rarely painful, it appears 

 occasionally in longer paroxysms, eventually with the expulsion 

 of a thick mucous or mucopurulent secretion. The respiration 

 is not interfered with in the beginning stage ; later on, however, 

 it becomes forced, and work or rapid motion bring about sneez- 

 ing, which in older animals is so frequently caused by chronic 

 bronchial catarrh. 



Auscultation gives the same sounds as in acute catarrh; 

 although dry rales and especially purring and whistling sounds 

 are particularly prominent. Fever is absent aside from the not 

 uncommon cases with acute exacerbations and from cases of a 

 secondary nature where the primary affection is accompanied 

 by fever. The general condition sometimes remains undis- 

 turbed for a long time; but if the catarrh exists for several 

 months emaciation and anemia are seen, particularly in older 

 animals. 



The bronchial catarrh which is frequently seen in cattle, and 

 which is probably due to an infection with the bacillus pyocyaneus 

 differs from the above-described picture only in this respect that the 

 wheezing, whistling, and purring sounds and crepitation, are best heard 

 at the portions of the lung covered by the shoulders. One can also 

 demonstrate tenderness of the anterior intercostal spaces. The respira- 

 tion is variably affected according to the duration and is either forced 

 or accelerated. The general condition and the production of milk 

 remain undisturbed. In some cases, bronchial catarrh is followed by 

 bronchopneumonia (see there). 



For details about bronchitis scleroticans of horses, as described by Griiter, 

 see in the chapter on chronic interstitial pneumonia. 



Putrid bronchial catarrh is characterized by a peculiar, dis- 

 agreeable, sweetish smell of the exhaled air, or of the occasional 

 nasal discharge which is particularly abundant after paroxysms 

 of coughing, and by a dirty discoloration of the nasal secretion. 

 Otherwise the symptoms are the same as in other forms of 

 bronchitis; however, gangrene of the lungs frequently follows 

 upon putrid bronchitis. In very rare cases one is able to 

 obtain tympanic sounds on percussion, in some part of the lower 

 thoracic region l)ronchial or amphoric respiratory sounds, or 

 possibly metallic rales as signs of an existing bronchiectasia. 



Course. Acute catarrh of the large l)ronchi generally runs 

 a course of two to three weeks ; but occasionallv recoverv takes 



