Etiology. 67 



serious losses, particularly after wet summers. The enzootic 

 appearance among* swine herds is rarer ; it is still less connnon 

 among grown cattle and calves. Enzootics of the disease have 

 occasionally been observed among camels. The disease appears 

 not infrequently as a very destructive epizootic among the wild 

 animals mentioned above. 



According to Garnet half of all sheep and one-third of the cattle in Morocco 

 succumb in some years. The disease occurs epizootically in South Oranais, according 

 to Ben DanoUj and is called "Eeuch" by the natives, and when disease of the 

 lung is simultaneously present they call the affection ' ' Eeuch-el-riya. ' ' Three- 

 fourths of all sheep (many millions of animals) succumbed in Buenos Ayres from 

 1883 to 1886. The disease is quite destructive in some parts of Germany (on the 

 lowlands of the Weser and the Jade rivers) among cattle and calves (Tapken). 

 The disease is also widespread among swine in some provinces in Russia, and of 

 the swine slaughtered 14% were found affected in St. Petersburg, 21% in Moscow 

 and 48% in Eiga (Schultz). Heavy losses among sheep were caused in Hungary 

 in the year 1889. 



In slaughtered animals lungworms are found frequently which have, however, 

 not affected the health of such hosts unfavorably. Hertwig gives the following 

 figures for the Berlin slaughtering plant for 1887-88. Among 275,049 sheep, 788 

 or 3%; among 419,848 swine, 3,237 or 7%. In the Budapest stock yards there 

 were found from 1889 to 1903, among 90,883 sheep, 3,082 or 3.4%; and from 

 1902 to 1903, among 474,401 hogs, 320 or 0.067%. 



Etiology. The palisade worms (Strongyli Miiller) l)elong- 

 ing to the filiform worms (nematodes) are usually long, slender, 

 smooth, whitish worms, with a mouth-end at the anterior portion 

 of the body. It is either round and smooth or surrounded by 

 warts. The posterior portion of the male, which is always 

 shorter, ends in a bursa which is variable in shape and which 

 serves for grasping the female, being provided Avitli two spiculi. 

 The posterior end of the female is straight. The genital pore is 

 sometimes behind, sometimes in the middle of the body. 



The following palisade worms have been found in the respiratory 

 organs of domestic animals. 



1. Strongylus filaria Rudolphi. The anterior of the body some- 

 what smaller, mouth roundish without papillae; male 3-8 cm. long, 

 bursa bent inward, supported by ten ribs ; female 5-10 cm. long, posterior 

 end pointed; the genital pore somewhat behind the mid-line of the 

 body. Ova (Fig. 5) are oval, have a delicate hyaline membrane and 

 contain well developed embryos within the mother animal. 



The worm is parasitic in the respiratory organs of sheep and goats, 

 also in roes, in gazelles, in camels, deer and fallow-deer. 



2. Strongylus commutatus Diesing (Str. rufescens, retortaeformis, 

 Trichosoma leporis pulmonale, Filaria terminalis). Filiform worm with 

 rounded and flattened end, brown-red in consequence of the intestinal 

 tract shining through. Male 1.8-3 cm. long, bursa very small and 

 rounded ; female 2.8-5 cm. long, genital pore immediately before the 

 anus. Oviparous. Ova elongated oval, enclosed in a very delicate 

 shell, do not show any segmentation in the body of the female. 



The worm occurs in sheep, goats, rabbits, hares, roes and chamois. 



