Symptoms. 75 



susceptible animals as an insidious bronchitis, which increases 

 in intensity from week to week, and which, in a portion of the 

 cases, is accompanied by the symptoms of catarrhal pneumonia 

 which finally leads to cachexia. 



In sheep and goats one first observes cough which in the 

 beginning occurs only in few animals, after long intervals and 

 preferably during exercise. The cough is short, dry and strong 

 and spreads gradually to the greater portion of the herd. At 

 the same time it becomes more frequent, weaker and torment- 

 ing. In severe cases one observes real paroxysms of cough. The 

 bronchial secretion is expelled in large lumps through the 

 mouth and in the former are found the worms, their ova and 

 embryos; the latter by microscopic examination. The nasal 

 secretion is usually seromucoid, but it does not usually contain 

 embryos or ova. Sheep frequently rub their noses on the 

 ground ; sometimes with such intensity that a loss of substance 

 occurs. 



The respiration becomes more and more difficult, especially 

 in sheep, so that the animals finally breathe convulsively. A 

 variety of rales are heard over the thorax and trachea. They 

 are sometimes so loud that they are audible at a distance of 

 several steps. Percussion usually shows nothing abnormal ; but 

 on percussing very attentively one occasionally finds dullness 

 in circumscrilied or even in more extensive places of the thorax, 

 and sometimes also tympanic sounds. Bronchial breathing may 

 likewise be heard. Ben Danon observed albuminuria. In exten- 

 sive involvement of the lungs the temperature is elevated up to 

 40.5° to 41° C. 



Emaciation and pallor of the mucosa^ occurs in the further 

 course of the disease, also a diminution in the elasticity of the 

 skin. The disturbances in nutrition are often intensified by a 

 complicating diarrhea. The embryos of Str. capillaris are al- 

 ways found in the feces (Schlegel). Finally edema appears on 

 the entrance to the larynx, on the eyelids, the lips or on the 

 whole front of the head ; also on the lower thorax and the ex- 

 tremities. The animals become very weak and often fall down ; 

 when attempting to get up, the hind legs appear paralyzed and 

 the patients succumb in complete prostration. 



In cattle, especially in calves, one usually observes cough, 

 at first strong and occurring at long intervals, but in the further 

 course it becomes more frequent and more forced ; when cough- 

 ing the animals protrude the tongue from the mouth and expel 

 masses of mucus which is sometimes mixed with blood and 

 always contains worms. In severe cases violent paroxysms with 

 attacks of suffocation occur several times a day and one of 

 them may lead to death by asphyxiation. The respiration is 

 more or less accelerated from the start, later on forced. There 

 may, however, be rapid variations in the respiratory disturb- 

 ances, especially during the hot season (Hartenstein). Percus- 

 sion and auscultation show conditions on the whole similar to 



