Diagnosis. Treatment. 87 



came on, and the animals may completely recover within 6 to 

 12 honrs, especially in active hyperemia, while in other cases 

 suffocation comes on with the increase of the symptoms within 

 an equally short space of time (apoplexia pulmonum). On 

 the other hand congestive hyperemia usually develops gradually 

 and, even in severe cases, leads to death only after several 

 days. Pulmonary edema also causes, at times, death very 

 rapidly and almost in an apoplectic manner (apoplexia pul- 

 monum serosa). 



In pleurodynia, respiratory disturbances, tenderness to pressure of 

 the intercostal spaces and acute bloating of the lungs are observed, all 

 symptoms being due to the tenderness of the intercostal spaces. These 

 symptoms usually disappear in four to six days without leaving a trace, 

 sometimes, however, a fibrinous or serofibrinous pleurisy develops sub- 

 sequently, which may cause the death of the patient. 



Diagnosis. Both hyperemia and edema of the lungs can 

 usually be diagnosticated easily if one considers the usually 

 sudden onset of the disease with the symptoms described and 

 if a history or the signs of the external irritants mentioned 

 or of an existing primary affection are obtained. In heat-stroke 

 not only dyspnea is observed, but also marked cerebral de- 

 pression, physical weakness and a considerable elevation of 

 temperature. In septic infectious diseases (anthrax, swine 

 erysipelas) the symptoms of a severe febrile general affection 

 are present from the start, coming on without any discernil)le 

 external influences. Edema of the lungs is distinguished from 

 diffuse bronchitis by the absence of fever and by the presence 

 of crepitant rales and a foamy discharge from the nostrils. 

 In pulmonary hemorrhage foamy blood is discharged from the 

 nostrils. 



The prognosis is usually not unfavorable in active hypere- 

 mia occurring in otherwise healthy animals, if proper treatment 

 is at once instituted. Passive congestive hyperemia, hypostatic 

 hyperemia and edema of the lungs frequently terminate fatally. 

 S^miptoms of cardiac weakness are of unfavorable prognostic 

 significance as is also elevation of temperature. 



Treatment. Eest is most important for the patient. Ex- 

 tensive blood-letting considerably relieves the heart and 

 diminishes the blood pressure in the lungs, so that they are 

 again able to expand properly; blood-letting, carried out at 

 the proper time, may save the life of an animal in acute pul- 

 monary hyperemia; but even in congestion in the lesser cir- 

 culation it is advisable to withdraw a moderate amount of 

 blood. 



Subcutaneous injections of excitants (camphor, caffeine, 

 ether), rubbing or irrigation with cold water are especially 

 indicated if the pulse is weak. Cardiacs are serviceable in 



