88 ruhiHiiKuy Ilciiion-liagc 



cardiac disease. As loiift- as the pulse is sufficiently strong, one 

 may try in edema of the Inno- subcutaneous injections of atropine 

 (0.03-0.05 gni. for large, and 0.005-0.01 gm. for small animals), 

 scopolamine (0.01-0.05 and 0.003-0.01 gm.). 



By way of prevention, animals with cardiac disease should 

 be protected against hard work, rapid running, etc. ; their 

 evacuations should be regailated. Sick annuals which are down 

 must be turned frequently. 



2. Pulmonary Hemorrhage. Haemoptoe. 



{Bhdsturz [Gennan].) 



As pulmonary hemorrhages all those cases are designated 

 clinically where the source of the blood is found in the air 

 passages behind the larynx or in the lungs themselves ; it is 

 not possil)le to differentiate clinically hemorrhages arising from 

 the bronchi or from the pulmonary parenchyma. 



Etiolog}'. Haemoptoe often is a consequence of hyperemia 

 of the lungs (see page 84). Pulmonary hemorrhage is, there- 

 fore, seen preferably in horses after overheating in rapid 

 running or in consequence of hard work, also as part of the 

 clinical picture of heart disease. Guittard often saw pulmonary 

 hemorrhage in young, well-nourished chickens after taking cold 

 during rough weather. 



Hemorrhages from the lungs, which occur frequently in the 

 course of infectious diseases, can be explained by a diminished 

 resistance of the vessel walls. Diseases of this kind are, partic- 

 ularly, purpura haemorrhagica, smallpox, anthrax, septicemia, 

 pyroplasmosis in horses, acute pneumonia, etc. Deficient nutri- 

 tion of the vessel walls undoubtedly is a factor in such affections 

 as leukemia and renal diseases and other diseases leading to 

 cachexia. Frequent hemorrhages in hemophilia likewise depend 

 upon a diminished tissue resistance. 



Necrotic processes in the mucosa of the air passages and 

 in the pulmonary parenchyma may produce hemorrhages by 

 erosion of vessels. This occurs in glanders in horses and in 

 tuljerculosis in cattle, in pulmonary gangrene, in ulcerating 

 neoplasms, and in cavity formation in the lungs which occurs 

 sometimes after pneumonia (Frohner, authois' own observa- 

 tion). 



Aneurysms of the aorta or of the pulmonary artery which 

 happen to be adherent to a bronchus may rupture and produce 

 a fatal hemorrhage. Thrombosis or embolism of the pulmonary 

 vessels may likewise cause minor hemorrhages and this occurs 

 often in valvular disease of the heart. A rare cause of haemop- 

 toe are injuries to the lungs. 



