112 Cruupous Pneumonia. 



wise of short duration. The authors have seen intermittent fever in 

 horses, as a rule, in combination with other severe symptoms. 



The heart's action does not go parallel with the fever; 

 there is, on the contrary, a certain antagonism between the 

 fever curve and that of the pnlse beat. The latter is only 

 moderately accelerated in the beginning, in spite of the high 

 fever (in horses np to 50 per minute) and the pnlse is tense 

 and full. The contractions of the heart become, how^ever, more 

 frequent in the latter course of the disease, and at the same 

 time less strong; the pulse becomes empty and small (Figs. 13 

 and 14). This cardiac disturbance becomes the more marked 

 the larger the affected lung territory and the more intense 

 the infection. In the less severe cases the heart's action be- 

 comes again normal as soon as the stage of resolution is com- 

 pleted; on the other hand, there may be arhythmia or 

 allorhythmia of the heart; it is, how^ever, usually of no signifi- 

 cance even if it still exists during the stage of convalescence. 



The general condition and with it the appetite of the ani- 

 mals varies a good deal from case to case. In milder cases 

 the animals may ingest a normal amount of feed, though more 

 slowdy, during the whole course of the disease ; others may re- 

 fuse feed entirely during the course of the fever, and may 

 show a considerable degree of listlessness and prostration. 

 Most cases sIioav at the onset a more or less marked diminution 

 of appetite, a sjanptom which will first attract the attention 

 of the attendants. Sick horses usually remain standing during 

 the whole course of the disease ; ponies and the smaller domestic 

 animals lie do^vn a good deal; in the case of unilateral affection 

 they lie on the diseased side in order to permit the free expan- 

 sion to the healthy lung. 



The amount of urine decreases rapidly during the stage 

 of hepatization and increases rapidly during resolution. The 

 specific gravity is high during hepatization and sinks rapidly 

 during resolution. The quantity of chlorine is diminished 

 during hepatization ; the amount of phosphoric acid, of sulphuric 

 acid and of nitrogen is increased. The conditions are reversed 

 with the advent of resolution (urinary crisis; Siedamgrotzky 

 & Hoffmeister and also Wissinger have demonstrated these con- 

 ditions in horses). 



Storch demonstrated a considerable increase of nitrogen excretion in pneumonia 

 of horses; this is explainable by an increased decomposition of nitrogen and nuelein 

 compounds of the animal body during the course of the disease. 



Urticarial eruptions sometimes appear, but do not last 

 longer than two days. An exanthematous eruption similar to 

 that caused by distillery mash and extending over all four 

 extremities, w^as observed by Frohner in a horse. Moderate 

 perspiration sometimes comes on with the advent of resolution 

 and with a rapid fall of temperature; strong perspiration is 

 seen only in severe cases shortly before death. 



