Artificial Feeding. 123 



ill the air passages, but they cannot prevent putrefaction in the 

 lung tissue itself after puhiionary gangrene has set in. Intra- 

 tracheal injections of a 1% solution of carbolic acid (for horses 

 60-100 gm. at one time) or of a creosote or forinol solution (see 

 page 61) are better adapted for the treatment of pulmonary 

 gangrene. 



When pleuritis is present, it calls for sr»ecial treatment 

 (q. V.) 



Stomatics (rheum, root of calamus, gentian, or their tinc- 

 tures for smaller animals), artificial Carlsbad salt, hydrochloric 

 acid with pepsin may be administered to stimulate appetite. 

 Convalescent animals must be well nourished and not used for 

 work until they have regained their full strength. Moderate 

 exercise in the open is beneficial if the weather is favorable. 



Since croupous pneumonia is usually a localization of some 

 acute infectious disease, such prophylactic measures as are rec- 

 ommended for the particular infection, must be carried out. 



Artificial Feeding of Sick Animals. The simplest aud most practical method 

 of artificial feeding of animals consists in the introduction of food stuffs into the 

 stomach. It consists in its simplest form in pouring liquid foo<l into the mouth 

 from a thick-walled glass bottle or from an irrigator or funnel provideil with a 

 rubber tube, or, in smaller animals, from a spoon. Flour aud bran gruels are 

 well adapted for herbivora; milk, broth or flour soups, to which some glucose or 

 eggs may have been added for carnivora. If difficulties of deglutition exist, and 

 if attacks of cough come on this procedure must be abandoned and the liquid food 

 must be introduee<l directly into the stomach by the aid of a stomach tube. 



Artificial feeding per rectum becomes necessary in those cases in which there 

 exist great tenderness of the pharynx, great excitement of the animal during 

 the introduction of the stomach tube, obstruction of the esophagus, intense inflam- 

 matory processes of the stomach or small intestines, in short, in all cases in which 

 the introduction of the stomacli tube into tlie stomach becomes impossible or is 

 eontraindieated. Before food stuffs are introduced into the rectum, the fecal masses 

 which are present must be removed manually or by irrigation with water one-quarter 

 to one-half hour before the operation; a liquid food enema may then be introduced 

 with an irrigator, thin mashy material with the aid of a rectal syringe. These 

 substances must be warmed to body temperature; they must be introduced deep 

 into the rectum, Init witliout undue pressure. The early discharge of the nutritive 

 material from the rectum must be prevented by pressing the tail to the anus, or 

 by the addition of opium to the clysma. It appears advisable to add to all 

 nutritive enemas 1 to 2% of common salt, since this produces antiperistaltic move- 

 ments, transports the food material higher up and also favors its general absorption. 

 If nutritive enemas are used daily it becomes necessary to wash out the rectum 

 once daily in order to remove decomposing remnants. The amount which may be 

 introduced at one feeding, three to four times daily, is for small dogs and eats, 

 10 to 40 cc. ; for large dogs, 100 to 200 cc. ; for small ruminants, foals and calves, 

 200 to 400 cc. ; for adult horses and cattle two to three quarts (Jacob). In con- 

 sidering the composition of the nutritive enemas one must never forget that the 

 mucosa of the large intestine can only change starch and saccharose into glucose, 

 but does not possess any other digestive properties. It possesses, however, con- 

 siderable absorptive power; it may therefore absorb, aside from water, salts, 

 and glucose, also i)eptone, albumoses and other albuminoid bodies and small amounts 

 of emulsified fat. Dogs can however, only absorb 4 gm. of fat daily (Ornstein). 

 The following may therefore be said concerning the composition of nutritive enemas: 

 Best adapted, at least for dogs, are nutritive enemas of milk, starch, glucose, 

 and raw eggs (Ornstein); the amount of glucose should not be more than 27r, 

 of starch 8 to 10% of the total amount. This enema is prepared in shaking starch 

 with cold water and pouring this emulsion into boiling water so as to produce a 

 uniformly gelatinized starch mash, to this is added grape sugar which has been 

 dissolved' previously in hot water; finally two to three eggs stirred with a little 

 water and common salt are slowly mixed with the cooled starch i)aste under constant 

 stirring to insure a viniform mixture. 



