140 Enzootic Pneumonia of Young Animals, 



teristic. A favorable course also speaks against swine plague. 

 In clou])tful cases the epizootical factors have to be considered. 

 Contagious pleuropneumonia can usually be easily distinguished 

 from pneumonia of calves according to the principles laid down 

 in Volume I. An enzootic occurrence permits the exclusion 

 of sporadic bronchopneumonia. Lungworm disease is usually 

 seen in somewhat older animals after pasturing. The detection 

 of worms, their embryos and ova in the coughed up sputum, 

 or on post-mortem examination in the bronchi, establishes the 

 diagnosis beyond doubt. Atelectasis of the lung must also be 

 considered in the anatomical diagnosis (see page ]31). The 

 fact that calves and lambs hold their bodies stiff might lead 

 to a confusion with tetanus; a more exact examination will, 

 however, exclude such aii error. 



The detection of the causative microorganism should be 

 attempted in all cases by post-mortem examination and by 

 bacteriologic tests of recent cases. 



Prognosis. It is usually quite unfavorable; however, con- 

 siderable variations occur in various enzootics as to the morbid- 

 ity and mortality, according to age, species and environ- 

 mental conditions of the animals. Most of the animals which 

 are affected during the first weeks of life perish and even 

 those that remain alive are stunted in their development, and 

 their raising does not pay. A complication of dysentery is par- 

 ticularly unfavorable. The disease very often terminates fa- 

 vorably in young pigs over one month old (Greve, authors' own 

 observation), and also not uncommonly in other animals; the 

 recovery may, however, l)e apparent only and extensive indura- 

 tions may persist in the lungs. 



Treatment. Medicinal treatment is not at all promising 

 and its carrying out meets with great difficulties. Dietetic and 

 hygienic regulations may, on the contrary, influence the course 

 of the disease favorably (see page 120). vSerum treatment may 

 be indicated in those forms of pneumonia which are caused 

 by the bacillus bipolaris, by bacteria of the colon group and by 

 streptococci. 



Prophylaxis. Prophylactic measures carried out energeti- 

 cally permit the successful struggle against enzootic pneumonia 

 of young animals ; hence our main efforts must be spent in 

 this direction. To prevent the importation of the disease, it 

 is advisable not to introduce too young animals for breeding 

 purposes and to subject newly bought stock to an isolation 

 of two weeks and then to keep them together with other young 

 animals only provided they are healthy and have not shown 

 any suspicious symptoms (cough!). The stables must be kept 

 clean and must be properly ventilated; during favorable 

 weather the animals must be kept in the open and inbreeding- 

 must be avoided. The floors of stables and pig pens should 

 be warm; cement or stone floors are not desirable and if they 



