Anatomical Changes. Symptoms. 327 



stantly as one of tlie symptoms of septicemia. Acute intestinal 

 catarrh is particularly frequent in the different septicemic dis- 

 eases of fowl. (See Vol. I.) 



Anatomical Changes. Sometimes throughout its whole ex- 

 tent, sometimes in some parts only, the intestinal mucosa is red- 

 dened, swollen and abundantly covered with mucus; it some- 

 times also shows small hemorrhages. The submucosa is in a 

 condition of edematous infiltration. The villi are likewise swol- 

 len; they are crowded together and give a velvety appearance 

 to the intestinal surface. The solitary and ag-minated follicles 

 are swollen and sometimes discharge a purulent mass on pres- 

 sure, or their surface has become changed into a round ulcer. 

 Especially in the large intestine the mucosa shows a fine bran- 

 like deposit indicating necrosis of the epithelial cells. The feces 

 are fluid or thin; even in the small intestines they are mashy, 

 very fetid and contain threads of mucus, pus, blood. The mesen- 

 teric glands are in a condition of acute swelling. 



Symptoms. The clinical picture of acute intestinal catarrh 

 varies according to whether there is also catarrh of the stomach 

 or whether the intestinal affection has been primary. If there 

 is also catarrh of the stomach the symptoms of the latter pre- 

 dominate, especially lack of appetite and listlessness, and par- 

 ticularly at the beginning. 



The most prominent symptoms of acute intestinal catarrh 

 consist in changes in defecation and in the character of the feces. 

 In herbivora, constipation or retarded defecation is often ob- 

 served for days and occurs in consequence of the preceding ca- 

 tarrh of the stomach. The feces are desiccated, burntlike. In 

 horses there are smaller, dry, hard lumps covered with a shin- 

 ing crust ; the feces of cattle appear tortuous or lumpy, coated 

 with a brown layer or with mucus ; the small manure of sheep is 

 lumped together by mucus ; the feces of swine show lumps ad- 

 hering to each other. 



Carnivora suffer from constipation only for a short time 

 after a few hours diarrhea comes on ; the latter is rarely absent 

 in carnivora, more often in herbivora, because in them the affec- 

 tion may be confined to the small intestine and in the large bowel 

 the feces may become desiccated to their normal consistency. 

 However, if herbivora suffer from more severe catarrh or if 

 the large intestine is likewise involved, diarrhea is present and 

 it is one of the most important sjTiiptoms of inflammatory pro- 

 cesses in the intestines. The feces are now thin-mashy or en- 

 tirely fluid ; they contain poorly digested food stuffs, also fre- 

 quently mucus and shreds of the epithelial lining, sometimes 

 streaks of blood. They are very fetid, and usually have an acid 

 reaction. Feces of this nature contaminate the region around the 

 anus ; they are frequently dropped in large amounts with signs of 

 tenesmus; later involuntary passages may take place. When 



