Anatomical Changes. Symptoms. 341 



in chronic passive congestion of the intestines due to chronic 

 diseases of the heart and liver, very rarely in certain cases of 

 thrombosis of the mesenteric artery, in chronic infectious dis- 

 eases (tuberculosis, pyobacillosis [Grips, Glage & Nieberle]), 

 chronic hog erysipelas (Eisenmann) and in chronic constitu- 

 tional diseases. Intestinal worms likewise frequently produce 

 the picture of this disease. 



Anatomical Changes. The intestinal mucosa usually ap- 

 pears dark purplish to brown red, sometimes slate colored, in 

 consequence of the presence of numerous blackish points, and 

 thickened, while the glands of the propria are enlarged, tough, 

 or changed into cysts. Sometimes, however, the mucosa is thin, 

 pale, and shows depressions in the place of the solitary and 

 agminated follicles (socalled areolation). Occasionally there 

 are formed round, thick but shallow, later on deeper or con- 

 fluent irregular ulcerations with undermined and tough margins. 

 After healing, these ulcers leave radiating cicatrices. After per- 

 foration of such ulcers purulent ichorous peritonitis occurs in 

 their neighborhood, and the affected loop of intestine becomes 

 adherent to neighboring loops, to other abdominal organs or to 

 the abdominal wall. 



In asthenia of chickens the intestinal contents appear to be 

 only mucus, the duodenal mucosa is reddened at its prominent 

 points and the cadaver is much emaciated. 



Symptoms. When chronic intestinal catarrh has existed 

 for some time, the nutrition of the animals suffers to a high 

 degree. They are listless and their ability to work is much dimin- 

 ished; later on their condition becomes very poor, the skin is 

 dry and non-elastic, the fur rough and lusterless, the mucosae 

 are pale. The appetite is variable, sometimes the animals eat 

 an enormous amount, sometimes they refuse food for days. 

 The abdomen is drawn in although a moderate chronic bloating 

 occurs occasionally, particularly in cattle. Defecation occurs 

 at irregular intervals, constipation lasting for several days 

 alternates with violent diarrhea; sometimes the feces are dry 

 and they are dropped after considerable intervals, at other times 

 they are thin mushy or fluid, containing poorly digested par- 

 ticles of food, shreds of mucus, lumps of pus, and they are 

 sometimes streaked with blood; they are often very fetid. 

 Occasionally masses of mucus without any feces are voided. 



From time to time, particularly when bloating is present, 

 large amounts of intestinal gases are expelled from the rectum. 

 Peristalsis is absent during constipation, very lively during 

 diarrhea. Colicky pains are rare, when they occur, they usually 

 precede diarrhea or appear while it lasts. During lack of appe- 

 tite in herbivora the urine often becomes acid ; but Friedberger 

 & Frohner as well as Albrecht usually found an alkaline reaction 



