450 Colicky Ali'et'tiuus in Horses. 



in the size of the liver (for instance in consequence of hemor- 

 rhage), rupture of the liver. 



5. Diseases of the urinary organs: Acute nephritis, 

 nephritic abscess, pyelitis, obstruction of the ureter, inflamma- 

 tion of the bladder, occlusion of the urethra. 



6. Diseases of the sexual organs : Torsion of the uterus, 

 spasm of the uterus caused by movements of the fetus, labor 

 pains in normal delivery and in abortion. 



7. Diseases of other organs: Pleuritis (very rare!) cer- 

 tain diseases of the esophagus (spasm, obstruction, stenosis, 

 dilatation), irritation of the rectum and its neighl)orliood by 

 worms (oxyuris, gastrophilus larvae), paralytic hemoglobine- 

 mia; also long-continued hunger and great exhaustion from 

 work. 



In making a diagnosis, sjmiptoms of colic are only of minor 

 importance, because they do not permit the determination of the 

 underlying individual affection, or even of a group of allied 

 affections. Almost continuous restlessness is, however, ob- 

 served most frequently in acute gastric dilatation, in displace- 

 ments of the intestines, in the grave forms of thrombosis of in- 

 testinal vessels and in certain forms of obturation of the intes- 

 tines. Unnatural positions are seen, especially in forward dis- 

 location of the diaphragm, in intense intestinal tension or pain 

 in the abdomen (displacements of the intestines, impaction, in- 

 testinal calculi). 



Icteric discoloration of the mucosa with simultaneous rest- 

 lessness points to disease of the duodenum, of the bile ducts or 

 of the liver. 



Elevation of temperature from the onset points to an in- 

 flammatory or infectious character of the disease, while a sub- 

 sequent rise of temperature may l)e caused by a secondary in- 

 flammatory process. 



In cases which have not yet progressed too far, a nearly 

 normal frequency and character of the pulse permits the ex- 

 clusion of grave inflammatory and infectious processes, also 

 pressure upon the diaphragm, and usually also displacements of 

 the intestines and the grave types of thrombosis. In the fur- 

 ther course of the disease and in young animals these features 

 can, however, not be utilized for a differential diagnosis. The 

 distribution of surface temperature usually runs parallel with 

 the character of the pulse and with the condition of the respira- 

 tion. The examination of the thorax occasionally furnishes 

 data for a diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia. 



Belching, retching, vomiting and a sour smell of the expired 

 air speak in favor of primary or secondary affections of the 

 stomach. 



Enlargement of the abnormal circumference may be absent 

 in primary or secondary meteorism or it may be hardly ob- 

 servable if the abdominal walls are very tense or if the me- 

 teorism is confined to a small portion of the intestine; marked 



