462 I'arasitt's in the Stuiiiaoh of Caniivora and Fowl. 



to profound aiuMiiia, cachexia and iinal death. The feces of the sick 

 animals showed ova of Strongylus rul)idiis in hirge numbers. 



Literature. Opperniaim, D. t. W., 469 (Lit.).— Y. Eatz, Z. f. Tm., 1899, III, 

 322 (Lit.). 



(e) Parasites in the Stomach of Carnivora. 



In the stomach of dogs Spiroptera sanguinolenta is freijuently found 

 enclosed in tumorlike formations ; it usually does not produce disturb- 

 ances (see page 240). Cadeac claims, however, that Spiroptera tumor 

 may cause obstinate vomiting which occasionally leads to death. 



Larvae of Gastrophiliis equi have been found a few times in the stomach of 

 dogs, they were probably swallowed with horse manure and had attached themselves 

 to the gastric mucosa (Eailliet). Asearis marginata and Tamia may get into the 

 stomach from the intestines. 



OUulanus tricuspis is parasitic in the stomach of cats. It is a 

 slender worm one mm. long and is sometimes found in exceedingly large 

 numbers in the catarrhal gastric mucosa; the females, which are pro- 

 vided ^dth three nodules at the tail end, produce live embryos. The 

 latter subsequently wander from the stomach and intestines into various 

 organs (lungs, liver, diaphragm, pleura) where they may subsequently 

 be found encapsulated in cysts of the size of a pin head. The larva 

 voided ^dtli the feces or the bronchial secretion are found in the mus- 

 cles of small rodents encapsulated in a manner like trichinae, and cats 

 probably infect themselves from the meat of mice. 



(f) Parasites in the Stomach of Fowl. 



In the muscular stomach of fowls are found, aside from the Dis- 

 pharagus nasutus or Filaria nasuta previously mentioned (see page 244), 

 Spiroptera pectinifera, which sometimes may cause numerous cases of 

 death (Nicolas). The patient becomes emaciated in spite of good ap- 

 petite; the somewhat thin-fluid droppings contain particles of undi- 

 gested food; the emaciated animals usually die after four to six weeks, 

 occasionally only after several months. The muscular stomach then 

 presents ulcers up to the size of a penny, with elevated margins and a 

 hemorrhagic base, and the remainder of the mucosa is changed to a 

 brownish mass composed of pseudomembranes and mixed with worms. 



In water fowls, especially in ducks, there is found in the glandular 

 stomach the Dispharagus uncinatus Rudolphi (Spiroptera uncinata Rud., 

 filaria uncinata Rud.) ; this parasite causes elevations of the mucosa, 

 up to one cm. high which results in a narrowing of the lumen 

 (Hamann). What Wolff hiigel and Sturhan have found in the glandu- 

 lar stomach of ducks and described as Strongylus contortus is probably 

 identical with the above named parasite. The embryos of this parasite 

 are set free in the stomach of the host; they then get into the water 

 with the droppings and are taken up by a small crab (Daphnia pulex). 

 They develop in the abdominal cavity of the latter to larvfe 1.7 to 2 mm. 

 long. The infection of ducks occurs after the ingestion of the infected 

 small crabs. 



Symptoms of disease are present only during a short period. The 

 sick animals refuse food, are feeble and listless; their motions are stag- 



