Tapewdinis in Sheep. 467 



Treatment. The same drugs as those recommended above 

 for the horse may be utilized. 



Literature. Eggmann, Schw. A., 1894, XXXVI, 10.— Fumagalli, Clin, vet., 1902, 

 529.— Haubold, S. B., 1888, 72. 



(c) Tapeworms in Sheep. 



Etiology. Ill the intestinal tract of sheep are fonnd some- 

 what frequently only the Monieza (Taenia) expansa (see 

 above; also in goats not nncommon), and the Moniezia (T.) alba. 

 More rare are Taenia ovilla (according to Perroncito, more fre- 

 quent in Italy; according to Lungwitz, less so in Germany); 

 Moniezia Benedeni, M. trigonophora, Stilesia centripunctata, 

 St. globipunctata and others. 



From a practical standpoint the most important is Moniezia 

 expansa, because in summer it may occasionally cause numer- 

 ous infections in lambs and yearlings, exceptionally also in 

 older sheep, and may even cause numerous deaths (socalled 

 worm epizootics). Lambs born during the winter, most fre- 

 quently fall victim to this disease if they are driven to the pas- 

 ture in spring or at the beginning of summer, during moist 

 weather. Although more rarely, the disease may come on during 

 stall feeding, and lambs sometimes sicken when they are still 

 very young. Spinola found tapeworms 10 meters long in a lamb 

 of four weeks ; this points to a very rapid development of the 

 taenia since infection can have occurred only after the birth of 

 the lamb. 



Symptoms. The symptoms of infection are primarily only 

 disturbances of digestion that are not very marked in character ; 

 later on some animals of a herd are less lively, they separate 

 from the herd, become emaciated and remain stunted in develop- 

 ment. The mucosae of such animals are found pale, the wool is 

 dry and can be pulled out easily. The animals occasionally ex- 

 hibit symptoms of colic, strain without voiding any feces and 

 then run away with their tail elevated. Later on the feces be- 

 come mushy or even thin fluid, and in them may be recognized 

 the yellowish white, motile proglottides. Occasionally obstruc- 

 tion of the small intestines by masses of worms occurs, death 

 then usually ensues rapidly, even before the emaciation has 

 been fully developed. (Blumenberg saw numerous fatal cases, 

 due to intestinal ol^struction of this kind.) 



Treatment and Prophylaxis. It is advisable to give green 

 feed to the animals for several days before the treatment proper 

 is instituted, also pine needles or juniper berries. The follow- 

 ing anthelmintics are to be recommended : (^il of turpentine, 

 alone or mixed with hartshorn oil (aa teaspoonful), extractum 

 filicis maris aethereum (5-10 gm. with oil), kamala (4-6.0 grn., 

 recommended strongly by Hartmann upon the results of com- 



