470 Tapeworms in Doys. 



number of parasites also is very varial^le. Several thousand in- 

 dividuals of the snuill T. echinococcus may sometimes be found 

 in a single host; Dipylidium also sometimes occurs in several 

 hundred individuals (Krabbe found in one case 2,000). 



Among 1413 dogs autopsied during 10 years at the Budapest Veterinary College 

 208 (14.8) were infected with tapeworms; 164 times Dipylidium was found, 23 

 times Ta?nia marginata, 11 times T. serrata, 5 times Ta?nia echinococcus, 4 times 

 Taenia lineata and once T. cceuurus. Galli-Valerio, in 162 dogs dissected in Milano, 

 found in 24.1% Ta^iia, in 2% Bothriocephalus ; other statistics show very much 

 higher figures. Deffke in Berlin, among 200 dogs, found Taniia 108 times (52%), 

 Zschokke in Ziirich found them in 34%, Krabbe in Copenhagen in 65%, in Iceland 

 in over 75%; Echinococcus was found in 30% of the Iceland cases. 



Anatomical Changes. The presence of many tapeworms 

 usually causes acute or chronic intestinal catarrh ; small hemor- 

 rhages also occur in the intestinal mucosa. The intestinal villi 

 are sometimes elongated to 3 or 4 times their normal size, and 

 may form a tunnel over the taenia adhering to the mucosa ; the 

 connective tissue is increased, the tubular glands, however, 

 which have been pressed apart, are atrophic. T. echinococcus 

 commonly causes the most intense changes, however, dipylid. 

 caninum sometimes causes croupous inflammations. The lumen 

 of the intestine is very exceptionally narrowed by the pressure 

 of Taenia or completely ol)literated. It is claimed that T. ser- 

 rata may cause perforation of the intestinal wall (Cadeac, 

 Railliet). 



Symptoms. Disturbances of health are rarely observed in 

 spite of the frequent presence of tapeworms in the intestinal 

 tract of dogs, and only when the worms are present in large 

 numbers. In general, the symptoms are like those of chronic 

 gastro-intestinal catarrh. The variable appetite, sometimes 

 enormously increased, is generally noticed; it stands in sharp 

 contrast to the emaciation which is evident. Intestinal pains are 

 observed particularly in the presence of T. echinococcus and 

 Dipylidium ; they manifest themselves in restlessness, groaning 

 and snapping towards the abdomen ; sometimes there are severe 

 nervous symptoms, like dizziness, local or general convulsions, 

 paretic conditions, complete listlessness, especially after intes- 

 tinal obturation by masses of worms or after the development 

 of enteritis. The sick dogs are also said to exhibit an inclination 

 to bite, dropping of the lower jaw, hoarseness of voice, wild and 

 dull look, symptoms similar to those in rabies. It is claimed that 

 t. echinococcus, when present in thousands of individuals, irri- 

 tating the mucosa with its booklets, particularly gives rise to 

 these symptoms (Roll). Cadeac has seen attacks of maniacal 

 excitement in two cases of T. serrata infection, and Frohner in 

 Dipylidium infection. Lienaux saw multiple hemorrhages caused 

 l)y the presence of numerous individuals of T. echinococcus. 

 Dobbertin showed that dogs with tapeworms (Taenia marginata) 

 have a leucocytosis of the blood, due to an increase of eosino- 

 philic leucocytes while the neutrophilics were nnchanged, pos- 



